{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Hematology",
  "title": "Von Willebrand Disease",
  "summary": "Diagnose von Willebrand disease by linking a clinically meaningful bleeding phenotype to repeatable VWF abnormalities, then select desmopressin, tranexamic acid, or VWF replacement according to subtype, procedural risk, and measured treatment response.",
  "seoDescription": "Point-of-care guide to diagnosing and managing von Willebrand disease, including laboratory interpretation, subtype testing, procedures, bleeding, and pregnancy.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians confirm, subtype, and manage von Willebrand disease across bleeding episodes, procedures, and pregnancy?",
  "specialty": "Hematology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "von Willebrand disease",
    "VWF activity",
    "desmopressin trial",
    "tranexamic acid",
    "perioperative hemostasis",
    "heavy menstrual bleeding",
    "VWD pregnancy"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Suspect VWD when mucocutaneous bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, or excessive bleeding after trauma or surgery is present; hemarthrosis favors severe disease, particularly type 3 VWD. [1]",
    "Initial diagnostic testing should include VWF antigen, a platelet-binding VWF activity assay, and factor VIII activity; discordance between activity and antigen directs type 2 evaluation. [9][10]",
    "For minor surgery or invasive procedures, raise VWF activity to at least 0.50 IU/mL with desmopressin or factor concentrate plus tranexamic acid, except selected patients with mild type 1 VWD and baseline activity above 0.30 IU/mL undergoing minor mucosal procedures, for whom tranexamic acid alone is suggested. [13]",
    "Perform a desmopressin trial when baseline VWF is below 0.30 IU/mL and desmopressin is otherwise a plausible option; do not rely on desmopressin for serious or life-threatening bleeding. [13][14]",
    "Avoid aspirin and NSAIDs in patients with a bleeding history when alternatives are available, and avoid antifibrinolytics with significant hematuria or prior thromboembolic disease. [14]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "clinical-triage",
      "eyebrow": "First decision",
      "heading": "Identify bleeding that requires factor-directed treatment",
      "intro": "Treat the clinical event and establish subtype-directed hemostatic support in parallel.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "VWD usually produces mucocutaneous bleeding, including epistaxis, oral bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, and excess bleeding after trauma or surgery. Postpartum hemorrhage is a recurrent high-risk setting. Hemarthrosis is uncommon and should prompt consideration of severe VWD, especially type 3 disease, or an alternative coagulation disorder. [1]",
        "For serious or life-threatening bleeding, use a VWF-containing product rather than desmopressin because the desmopressin-induced rise in VWF is transient and may not provide adequate hemostasis. U.S.-approved plasma-derived VWF products include Humate-P, Alphanate, and Wilate; these products contain both VWF and factor VIII in differing ratios. [14]",
        "Use tranexamic acid for mucosal bleeding when not contraindicated; it can be administered orally, intravenously, or as mouthwash and can be combined with desmopressin or VWF-containing products. Avoid antifibrinolytic therapy in patients with significant hematuria because clot retention can obstruct the urinary tract, and avoid it in patients with prior thromboembolic disease. [14]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Ask specifically about prior surgical, dental, postpartum, and menstrual bleeding; a bleeding history is required to interpret a low VWF result clinically. [12][23]",
        "Review aspirin, NSAIDs, antiplatelet therapy, and anticoagulants; platelet-function inhibitors should generally be avoided in patients with VWD and a bleeding history when a safer alternative exists. [14]",
        "If urgent invasive management is required, communicate the VWD subtype, historical VWF/FVIII levels, prior desmopressin response, and prior concentrate exposure to anesthesia, surgery, obstetrics, or procedural teams. [13][14]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Immediate treatment selection for clinically important bleeding. [13][14]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical context",
          "Preferred hemostatic approach",
          "Key limitation or monitoring point"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Serious or life-threatening bleeding",
            "VWF-containing concentrate rather than desmopressin. [14]",
            "Select target VWF and FVIII levels according to bleeding severity and monitor factor levels during replacement. [14]"
          ],
          [
            "Epistaxis, oral bleeding, menstrual bleeding, or postpartum mucosal bleeding",
            "Tranexamic acid alone or combined with desmopressin or VWF-containing treatment. [14]",
            "Avoid with significant hematuria or prior thromboembolic disease. [14]"
          ],
          [
            "Known desmopressin-responsive VWD without severe bleeding",
            "Desmopressin may be used when clinically appropriate. [13][14]",
            "Monitor for hyponatremia and recognize tachyphylaxis after repeated dosing over several days. [14]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "diagnostic-workup",
      "eyebrow": "Confirmation",
      "heading": "Confirm VWD with phenotype-linked VWF testing",
      "intro": "Do not diagnose VWD from a single nonspecific screening test.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Obtain a structured personal bleeding history and family bleeding history, then measure VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), platelet-binding VWF activity, and factor VIII activity (FVIII:C). VWF activity assays include ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo), recombinant GPIb assays with ristocetin (VWF:GPIbR), and gain-of-function recombinant GPIb assays without ristocetin (VWF:GPIbM). Collagen-binding activity (VWF:CB) evaluates a separate functional interaction. [9][10][23]",
        "PT, aPTT, platelet count, and bleeding time do not establish or exclude VWD. In a comparative pediatric series, bleeding time was abnormal in only 43% of affected patients; diagnosis instead required a compatible personal and family bleeding history plus an abnormal VWF activity or antigen result. [12]",
        "Interpret low VWF measurements in the context of the bleeding phenotype and repeated laboratory assessment. VWF values from 0.30 to 0.60 IU/mL can be associated with bleeding, whereas a baseline VWF activity below 0.30 IU/mL is a threshold specifically used by the management guideline to support a desmopressin trial when that agent is a potential treatment option. [2][13]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Order VWF:Ag, platelet-binding VWF activity, and FVIII:C together rather than using antigen alone. [9][10]",
        "Add VWF:CB and/or multimer analysis when activity is disproportionately reduced relative to antigen or when a qualitative type 2 disorder is suspected. [9][10]",
        "Refer testing to a laboratory with VWD expertise when subtype assignment will alter procedural, obstetric, or replacement-therapy planning; multimer analysis is complex, time-consuming, and variably standardized. [9][10]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Use activity-to-antigen discordance to trigger type 2 evaluation",
          "paragraphs": [
            "A reduced VWF functional-to-antigen ratio suggests qualitative VWF dysfunction rather than isolated quantitative deficiency. Reported abnormal-ratio thresholds vary from less than 0.5 to less than 0.7, so interpret the ratio using the performing laboratory's assay characteristics and add confirmatory phenotyping rather than assigning a subtype from a ratio alone. [4]",
            "VWF:CB can help separate type 1 from type 2 patterns. In one ELISA evaluation, a VWF:CB-to-antigen ratio cutoff of 0.50 had estimated sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 87% for distinguishing type 2 from type 1 samples; abnormal results may reduce, but do not eliminate, the need for multimer analysis. [10]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Type 1 and type 3 VWD are quantitative defects; type 2 VWD is a qualitative disorder subdivided into 2A, 2B, 2M, and 2N. [20]",
            "Low FVIII:C with an appropriate VWF phenotype should raise concern for type 2N VWD and requires specialized subtype assessment. [2][20]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Laboratory patterns that determine the next diagnostic step. [9][10][20]",
        "columns": [
          "Pattern",
          "Interpretation",
          "Next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "VWF:Ag and VWF activity both reduced without marked discordance",
            "Quantitative VWF deficiency pattern; consider type 1 or severe type 3 according to degree and phenotype. [20]",
            "Confirm reproducibility, review bleeding phenotype, and establish desmopressin responsiveness if treatment is anticipated. [13]"
          ],
          [
            "VWF activity disproportionately reduced relative to VWF:Ag",
            "Qualitative VWF dysfunction pattern, consistent with type 2 evaluation. [4][20]",
            "Add VWF:CB, multimer analysis, and subtype-directed testing through an experienced laboratory. [9][10]"
          ],
          [
            "Low FVIII:C with VWF findings suggesting impaired FVIII binding",
            "Consider type 2N VWD. [2][20]",
            "Obtain specialized subtype testing and distinguish from hemophilia A before finalizing therapy. [20]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "subtype-and-treatment-selection",
      "eyebrow": "Therapy selection",
      "heading": "Match treatment to subtype, response, and bleeding intensity",
      "intro": "A prior measured response is more useful than empiric assumptions about desmopressin efficacy.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Desmopressin is primarily a treatment option for type 1 VWD. For patients with baseline VWF below 0.30 IU/mL in whom desmopressin is otherwise appropriate, perform a trial and use the measured response to guide therapy rather than treating empirically with tranexamic acid or factor concentrate. [13]",
        "Do not extrapolate a desmopressin response across all VWD phenotypes. Large interpatient differences in desmopressin response occur, and pharmacokinetics of both desmopressin and VWF-containing concentrates vary within and between patients. Record the peak and duration of VWF activity and FVIII response from the trial in the chart available to procedural and obstetric teams. [3]",
        "Monitor for hyponatremia, headache, vasodilation, hypotension, tachycardia, flushing, and rare thrombosis during desmopressin use. Tachyphylaxis can develop within days because endothelial VWF stores become depleted; repeated use should therefore not substitute for factor replacement when sustained hemostatic levels are required. [14]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use VWF-containing concentrate for severe bleeding, for patients with inadequate or unknown desmopressin response when reliable correction is needed, and when sustained perioperative replacement is required. [14]",
        "Select VWF and FVIII targets according to the bleeding severity or procedural complexity, then monitor levels during concentrate-based treatment. [14]",
        "Do not assume that all VWF replacement products have the same FVIII exposure: Humate-P, Alphanate, and Wilate contain VWF and FVIII at different ratios. [14]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Manage recurrent bleeding with prophylaxis planning",
          "paragraphs": [
            "The 2021 management guideline addresses prophylaxis for frequent recurrent bleeding, indicating that recurrent clinically significant events should trigger a hematology-directed plan rather than repeated unstructured episodic treatment. Treatment selection should incorporate subtype, historical bleeding burden, treatment response, and the ability to monitor VWF and FVIII levels. [13]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Document whether recurrent bleeding is predominantly mucosal, menstrual, procedural, or joint-related because hemarthrosis suggests a severe phenotype requiring reassessment of diagnosis and replacement strategy. [1][14]",
            "Reassess use of platelet-inhibiting medications and correct iron-deficiency consequences of heavy menstrual bleeding as part of longitudinal care. [14]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Treatment branches by clinical setting. [13][14]",
        "columns": [
          "Setting",
          "Treatment branch",
          "Operational decision"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Mild mucosal bleeding",
            "Tranexamic acid is useful alone or combined with VWD-specific therapy. [14]",
            "Screen for hematuria and thromboembolic history before prescribing. [14]"
          ],
          [
            "Type 1 VWD with planned use of desmopressin",
            "Perform a desmopressin trial when baseline VWF is below 0.30 IU/mL. [13]",
            "Use measured VWF and FVIII response to decide whether desmopressin is adequate. [3][13]"
          ],
          [
            "Major bleeding or need for durable correction",
            "Use a VWF-containing concentrate. [14]",
            "Monitor VWF and FVIII according to bleeding severity or procedural complexity. [14]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "procedures-and-surgery",
      "eyebrow": "Periprocedural care",
      "heading": "Plan hemostasis before dental work, invasive procedures, and surgery",
      "intro": "Classify the procedure and choose a target-based strategy before the day of intervention.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For minor surgery or a minor invasive procedure, the guideline suggests raising VWF activity to at least 0.50 IU/mL with desmopressin or factor concentrate and adding tranexamic acid rather than using desmopressin or factor concentrate alone. This strategy applies when a hemostatic VWF increase is needed and should be individualized by procedure site, bleeding history, and prior treatment response. [13]",
        "For patients with type 1 VWD, baseline VWF activity above 0.30 IU/mL, and a mild bleeding phenotype who are undergoing a minor mucosal procedure, tranexamic acid alone is suggested over actively raising VWF activity to at least 0.50 IU/mL. This exception should not be extended to severe phenotypes, major surgery, or patients without a reliable prior assessment of bleeding risk. [13]",
        "Major surgery requires planned VWF and FVIII monitoring. A cited Dutch perioperative framework targets FVIII:C and VWF activity above 0.80 IU/mL before surgery and 36 hours postoperatively, then FVIII:C above 0.50 IU/mL for 7 to 10 days after major surgery; these values illustrate the need for sustained postoperative factor management rather than a single preoperative dose. [2]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Before elective surgery, verify current VWF activity, FVIII:C, subtype, prior desmopressin response, and the product available at the treating facility. [2][3][13]",
        "For minor surgery, a cited framework maintains FVIII:C above 0.50 IU/mL for 3 days and above 0.30 IU/mL from days 4 through 7; treatment duration must match the procedure and wound-healing risk. [2]",
        "For dental extraction, a cited target is VWF activity and FVIII:C above 0.50 IU/mL. [2]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Procedure-specific hemostatic thresholds and options. [2][13]",
        "columns": [
          "Procedure category",
          "Hemostatic target or option",
          "Duration or exception"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Minor mucosal procedure in mild type 1 VWD with baseline VWF activity >0.30 IU/mL",
            "Tranexamic acid alone may be used. [13]",
            "Use only with a mild bleeding phenotype; do not generalize to major surgery. [13]"
          ],
          [
            "Other minor surgery or invasive procedure",
            "Raise VWF activity to ≥0.50 IU/mL with desmopressin or factor concentrate and add tranexamic acid. [13]",
            "A cited framework maintains FVIII:C >0.50 IU/mL for 3 days, then >0.30 IU/mL through days 4-7. [2]"
          ],
          [
            "Major surgery",
            "A cited framework targets FVIII:C and VWF activity >0.80 IU/mL preoperatively and at 36 hours. [2]",
            "Maintain FVIII:C >0.50 IU/mL for 7-10 days in the cited framework. [2]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "menstrual-pregnancy-care",
      "eyebrow": "Women's health",
      "heading": "Anticipate menstrual and postpartum bleeding rather than reacting after hemorrhage",
      "intro": "Coordinate hematology and obstetric planning before delivery or invasive gynecologic procedures.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Heavy menstrual bleeding and postpartum hemorrhage are common VWD manifestations. Tranexamic acid is particularly useful for menstrual and postpartum mucosal bleeding and can be used alone or with desmopressin or VWF-containing products when contraindications are absent. [1][14]",
        "For pregnancy, obtain a documented hemostatic plan that addresses delivery, neuraxial anesthesia, postpartum treatment, and factor-level monitoring. The VWD management guideline specifically addresses neuraxial anesthesia during labor and delivery and postpartum management, supporting planned multidisciplinary care rather than relying on historic nonpregnant VWF values. [13]",
        "Postpartum bleeding risk warrants explicit discharge instructions and a treatment-access plan because postpartum hemorrhage is a common VWD complication. Select antifibrinolytic therapy cautiously when thromboembolic history or significant hematuria is present. [1][14]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Before conception or early in pregnancy, document VWD subtype, baseline VWF/FVIII levels, historical postpartum bleeding, and desmopressin trial results. [1][13]",
        "For delivery planning, involve obstetrics, anesthesia, and hematology early when VWF replacement or neuraxial anesthesia may be required. [13]",
        "Use an obstetric unit for patients with VWD or another bleeding disorder rather than an unplanned low-resource delivery setting. [17]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "High-risk reproductive settings in VWD. [1][13][14][17]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical setting",
          "Primary risk",
          "Action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Heavy menstrual bleeding",
            "Recurrent mucosal blood loss and iron-deficiency consequences. [1][14]",
            "Use tranexamic acid when appropriate and establish a longitudinal bleeding-management plan. [14]"
          ],
          [
            "Labor and delivery",
            "Peripartum bleeding and decisions about neuraxial anesthesia. [13]",
            "Create a multidisciplinary plan using current VWF and FVIII assessment and available VWD-specific treatment. [13]"
          ],
          [
            "Postpartum period",
            "Postpartum hemorrhage. [1]",
            "Provide a written postpartum hemostatic plan, including consideration of tranexamic acid when not contraindicated. [14]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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      "score": 0.80405265
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "guided dosing of desmopressin and von Willebrand factor - BMJ Open",
      "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/12/2/e049493.full.pdf",
      "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "will be followed up for a period of 24 weeks in which additional data will be collected in order to assess the Table 1 Guidelines for substitution with VWF-­ containing concentrate in VWD according to Dutch national guidelines Indication Target levels Dental extraction FVIII:C and VWF:Act>0.50 IU/mL",
      "score": 0.6682966
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Is pharmacokinetic-guided dosing of desmopressin and von Willebrand factor-containing concentrates in individuals with von Willebrand disease or low von Willebrand factor reliable and feasible? A protocol for a multicentre, non-randomised, open label cohort trial, the OPTI-CLOT: to WiN study",
      "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e049493",
      "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "Title: Is pharmacokinetic-guided dosing of desmopressin and von Willebrand factor-containing concentrates in individuals with von Willebrand disease or low von Willebrand factor reliable and feasible? A protocol for a multicentre, non-randomised, open label cohort trial, the OPTI-CLOT: to WiN study\n",
      "score": 0.6072213
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Recent advances in the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S305047402400020X",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by Q Liang · 2024 · Cited by 3 — the NHLBI guideline recommends that the threshold for an abnormal ratio should be less than 0.5–0.7.27. ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the management of von",
      "score": 0.8565368
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "Low von Willebrand factor—unraveling an enigma ...",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1538783624005014",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by JS O’Donnell · 2024 · Cited by 11 — The 2021 ASH ISTH NHF WFH guidelines recommendation that patients with von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels of 30 to 50 IU/dL and an increased bleeding phenotype",
      "score": 0.8145405
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the management of von Willebrand disease",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2473952921000288",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "2024, Nature Reviews Disease Primers     \n   ### Preoperative assessment of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: Updated guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care\n\n2024, European Journal of Anaesthesiology     \n   ### Management of severe peri-operative ble",
      "score": 0.78194773
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the diagnosis of ...",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2473952921000276",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by PD James · 2021 · Cited by 653 — Clinical Guidelines. Thrombosis and Hemostasis. ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease.",
      "score": 0.76002824
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of von Willebrand disease in 2024 ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hae.14970",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "In this paper, new and emerging therapies for VWD are summarized including rVWF, emicizumab, BT200, generalized haemostatic therapies, and",
      "score": 0.6097339
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Classification of von Willebrand disease in the context of modern contemporary von Willebrand factor testing methodologies - Favaloro - 2020 - Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/rth2.12392",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "von Willebrand disease (VWD) is reportedly the most common inherited bleeding disorder, potentially affecting up to 1% of the population according to epidemiologic data, although numbers based on presentation to clinics are closer to 0.1%.1 VWD arises from defects and/or deficiency of von Willebrand",
      "score": 0.74785584
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Establishment and characterization of a new and stable collagen‐binding assay for the assessment of von Willebrand factor activity - Ni - 2013 - International Journal of Laboratory Hematology - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijlh.12019",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) requires determination of both von Willebrand factor (VWF) protein levels and activity. Known VWD type 1 and type 2 samples were also analyzed by the ELISA, with 99% of samples having VWF:CB below the normal reference range and an estimated 96% se",
      "score": 0.67347145
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Use of ristocetin cofactor activity in the management of von Willebrand disease - Ewenstein - 2001 - Haemophilia - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2516.2001.00096.x",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "# Use of ristocetin cofactor activity in the management of von Willebrand disease. von Willebrand disease (vWD), the most common of the hereditary bleeding disorders, arises from quantitative or qualitative defects in von Willebrand factor (vWF). Impact, diagnosis and treatment of von Willebrand dis",
      "score": 0.62303346
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Relative value of diagnostic studies for von Willebrand disease - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1625090",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Title: Relative value of diagnostic studies for von Willebrand disease - PubMed\nAn official website of the United States government. **The .gov means it’s official.**. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal. The **https://*",
      "score": 0.6445166
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the management of von Willebrand disease | Blood Advances | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article-abstract/5/1/301/474884",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Title: ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the management of von Willebrand disease | Blood Advances | American Society of Hematology\nThese guidelines make key recommendations regarding prophylaxis for frequent recurrent bleeding, desmopressin trials to determine therapy, use of antiplatelet agents ",
      "score": 0.7634314
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "von Willebrand disease: A guide for the internist | Cleveland Clinic Journal of medicine",
      "detail": "www.ccjm.org",
      "url": "https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/2/119",
      "authors": "www.ccjm.org",
      "host": "www.ccjm.org",
      "snippet": "These agents are particularly useful in mucocutaneous bleeding including epistaxis, oral bleeding, menstrual bleeding, and postpartum bleeding. They are safe to use in all forms of VWD. Tranexamic acid can be given as an oral capsule, mouthwash, or intravenously, and may be used alone or in combinat",
      "score": 0.5126688
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "von Willebrand disease: proposing definitions for future research | Blood Advances | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article/5/2/565/474997/von-Willebrand-disease-proposing-definitions-for",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Title: von Willebrand disease: proposing definitions for future research | Blood Advances | American Society of Hematology\nvon Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common bleeding disorder, which affects 1 in 100 individuals based on laboratory testing and at least 1 in 1000 individuals based on presence o",
      "score": 0.444493
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Successful Management of Pregnancy with Severe Von Willebrand Disease in a Jehovah's Witness with Recombinant Von Willebrand Factor | Blood | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/132/Supplement%201/5077/265470/Successful-Management-of-Pregnancy-with-Severe-Von",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "# Successful Management of Pregnancy with Severe Von Willebrand Disease in a Jehovah's Witness with Recombinant Von Willebrand Factor *Free*. 1Division of Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. 2Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai",
      "score": 0.43727133
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Guideline Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies",
      "detail": "www.nice.org.uk",
      "url": "https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/GID-NG10360/documents/draft-guideline",
      "authors": "www.nice.org.uk",
      "host": "www.nice.org.uk",
      "snippet": "with some babies held at vaginal 4 level and some placed on the mother’s abdomen or passed to her. This variation 5 may continue in the short term as at present there is no evidence to suggest one 6 technique is better or worse that the other. 7 Return to recommendations 8 Management of postpartum h",
      "score": 0.090582706
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "The role of viscoelastic hemostatic assays for postpartum ...",
      "detail": "www.ajog.org",
      "url": "https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00730-X/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.ajog.org",
      "host": "www.ajog.org",
      "snippet": "by D Katz · 2024 · Cited by 30 — Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited disorder of hemostasis affecting VWF and factor VIII. A basic understanding of VWF mutations is",
      "score": 0.98566
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Differences and similarities in endothelial and angiogenic ...",
      "detail": "www.ajog.org",
      "url": "https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00227-7/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.ajog.org",
      "host": "www.ajog.org",
      "snippet": "by M Palomo · 2022 · Cited by 60 — A sample from a patient diagnosed with von Willebrand disease type 2A was ... Distinct mechanisms account for acquired von Willebrand syndrome in",
      "score": 0.9853
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "von Willebrand disease type 2 (Concept Id: C1264040) - MedGen",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/224736",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "von Willebrand disease type 2 (Concept Id: C1264040) - MedGen - NCBI. von Willebrand disease type 2(VWD2). Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. Whereas von Willebrand disease types 1 (193400) and 3 (277480) are characterized by quantitative defects in the VWF gene, ",
      "score": 0.8675602295652174
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Genetic determinants of clinical variability in type 2 von Willebrand disease: bridging genotype and phenotype - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40820832",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Title: Genetic determinants of clinical variability in type 2 von Willebrand disease: bridging genotype and phenotype - PubMed\nAn official website of the United States government. **The .gov means it’s official.**. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. official website and that any ",
      "score": 0.6837815269200591
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Beyond the guidelines: how we approach challenging scenarios in the diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1538783622082320",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "(VWF). Diagnosis of VWD requires clinical assessment and is facilitated by laboratory testing. Several guidelines for VWD diagnosis exist, with the latest American Society of Hematology, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, National Hemophilia Foundation, and World Federation of Hemo",
      "score": 0.7471924
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2473952925005233",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, resulting from a deficiency and/or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Since its first description 100 years ago, the diagnosis of VWD has evolved due to advancements in laboratory diagnostic tests and clinical guid",
      "score": 0.7382357
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Management of women with type 2B von Willebrand ...",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1538783626003569",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease. Blood Adv, 5 (2021), pp. 280-300. View PDFView articleCrossref",
      "score": 0.7004242
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T17:38:03.676422+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T17:38:03.676422+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 7,
  "slug": "von-willebrand-disease"
}