{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Vascular Medicine",
  "title": "Varicose Veins",
  "summary": "Evaluate symptomatic or advanced varicose veins with standing duplex ultrasound to define superficial reflux, obstruction, and deep venous involvement. For intervention-eligible patients with truncal reflux, endovenous ablation generally provides durable anatomic control with less recovery burden than surgery; reserve compression alone for selected circumstances.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to duplex evaluation and treatment selection for varicose veins, including compression, ablation, foam sclerotherapy, and surgery.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians evaluate varicose veins and select compression, endovenous ablation, foam sclerotherapy, or surgery?",
  "specialty": "Vascular Medicine",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "varicose veins",
    "chronic venous disease",
    "duplex ultrasound",
    "saphenous reflux",
    "endovenous ablation",
    "foam sclerotherapy",
    "CEAP"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Obtain duplex ultrasound of both deep and superficial venous systems in patients with varicose veins or more advanced chronic venous disease; use it to identify reflux and obstruction before treatment selection.[5][11]",
    "Document clinical severity with CEAP; edema is C3, skin changes are C4, healed ulcer is C5, and active ulcer is C6.[2][5]",
    "For an intervention-eligible patient with symptomatic saphenous reflux, superficial venous intervention is favored over long-term compression as primary therapy.[5][16]",
    "EVLA and conventional surgery produced higher 1-year anatomic success than ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (88.5%, 88.2%, and 72.2%, respectively); all three improved quality of life.[20]",
    "Avoid sclerotherapy with sclerosant allergy, acute venous thromboembolism, or local/severe systemic infection; symptomatic right-to-left shunt is an additional absolute contraindication to foam.[14]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "triage-and-clinical-staging",
      "eyebrow": "Initial Assessment",
      "heading": "Identify patients needing venous mapping and stage disease",
      "intro": "Use severity and duplex anatomy—not visible vein burden alone—to determine the treatment pathway.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Perform a focused history and examination for symptom burden, edema, skin injury, prior venous thromboembolism, prior venous procedures, functional limitation, and treatment goals. Classify the clinical component of CEAP at baseline: C0 has no visible or palpable venous signs; C1 has telangiectases or reticular veins; C2 has varicose veins; C3 has edema; C4a has pigmentation or eczema; C4b has lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche; C5 has a healed ulcer; and C6 has an active ulcer.[2]",
        "Obtain duplex ultrasound of the deep and superficial veins for symptomatic varicose veins and for edema, skin changes, or ulceration. The examination should establish whether disease is superficial, deep, perforator, or mixed and whether the dominant physiologic abnormality is reflux, obstruction, or both; these distinctions determine whether isolated superficial treatment is anatomically appropriate.[2][5][11]",
        "A documented example of great saphenous reflux used a reflux time of 1.8 seconds in a 2- to 3-mm segment, whereas contemporary treatment discussions commonly identify retrograde flow exceeding 500 ms as axial reflux. Interpret a reflux study in the context of symptoms, extent of axial disease, and deep-system findings rather than treating an isolated ultrasonographic abnormality.[1][16]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use CEAP to communicate baseline clinical severity and the revised Venous Clinical Severity Score to track outcome after treatment.[5]",
        "Record prior thrombosis and assess deep-vein patency, postthrombotic change, reflux, and obstruction on duplex because secondary disease may require a different procedural plan than primary superficial reflux.[2]",
        "Progression from C2 to C3-C6 should prompt mapping of both superficial and deep venous systems rather than cosmetic treatment of visible tributaries alone.[2][5]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "CEAP clinical class directs the urgency and scope of venous assessment.[2][5]",
        "columns": [
          "CEAP clinical class",
          "Finding",
          "Practical implication"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "C1",
            "Telangiectases or reticular veins.[2]",
            "Assess symptoms and treatment goals; visible disease alone does not define truncal reflux.[2][5]"
          ],
          [
            "C2",
            "Varicose veins.[2]",
            "For symptomatic disease, obtain duplex mapping before selecting compression or intervention.[5]"
          ],
          [
            "C3",
            "Edema.[2]",
            "Define superficial versus deep reflux or obstruction on duplex; evaluate advanced chronic venous disease anatomy.[2][5]"
          ],
          [
            "C4a-C4b",
            "Pigmentation/eczema or lipodermatosclerosis/atrophie blanche.[2]",
            "Treat as advanced chronic venous disease; document anatomy and reflux/obstruction before intervention planning.[2][5]"
          ],
          [
            "C5-C6",
            "Healed or active venous ulceration.[2]",
            "Perform comprehensive venous evaluation, including superficial and deep systems, to guide management of ulcer-associated disease.[2][5]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "selecting-conservative-or-definitive-treatment",
      "eyebrow": "Treatment Selection",
      "heading": "Choose compression or definitive reflux treatment",
      "intro": "Use compression when conservative management is clinically appropriate; do not require it as a substitute for definitive therapy in suitable candidates.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Offer compression therapy for symptomatic varicose veins when ambulatory status, comorbidity, patient preference, or procedural unsuitability favors conservative care. Compression is a reasonable symptom-directed strategy, but guideline recommendations advise against using it as the primary treatment solely when a patient is an appropriate candidate for saphenous vein intervention.[5][16]",
        "For symptomatic axial superficial reflux in an intervention-eligible patient, select a procedure according to vein anatomy, access feasibility, need for tributary treatment, prior procedures, patient preference, and operator expertise. Thermal endovenous modalities include endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA); both aim to occlude the refluxing truncal vein without high ligation and stripping.[6][17]",
        "Discuss treatment durability explicitly when considering foam. In a randomized comparison of primary symptomatic great saphenous reflux, 1-year anatomic success was 88.5% with EVLA, 88.2% with conventional surgery, and 72.2% with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy; complications were low and comparable, while quality-of-life measures improved in all groups.[20] At 5 years, EVLA and conventional surgery were more effective than foam at great saphenous vein obliteration, and foam was associated with more reflux and lower disease-specific quality-of-life scores.[18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use endovenous treatment as a first-line option for eligible truncal saphenous reflux; endothermal approaches have reported occlusion rates greater than 90% through 5 years in cited series.[17]",
        "Consider surgery when endovenous thermal treatment is unsuitable or declined; trial-based modeling and comparative evidence suggest surgery is preferable to foam when choosing between those two options for appropriate patients.[19]",
        "Discuss that ultrasound-guided foam may require repeat sessions; reports summarized in the CLASS background found that multiple treatments were often needed to achieve adequate treatment.[23]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Thermal versus nonthermal procedures",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Thermal ablation requires tumescent anesthesia, which reduces risks related to heat injury but adds injection discomfort. Reported thermal-ablation complications include pain, skin burns, pigmentation, nerve injury, and arteriovenous fistula formation.[17]",
            "Mechanochemical ablation and cyanoacrylate adhesive are nonthermal options for primary truncal saphenous incompetence. In the MOCCA randomized trial, neither treatment arm had major complications of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism; adjunctive phlebectomy or foam treatment was frequently used for residual varicosities.[17]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Plan adjunctive ambulatory phlebectomy or foam sclerotherapy when clinically important tributaries persist after or alongside truncal treatment; in MOCCA, 47.1% received an adjunctive procedure.[17]",
            "Choose a nonthermal approach when avoidance of tumescent anesthesia is important, while discussing that comparative long-term anatomic durability varies across technologies.[6][17]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Procedure selection should prioritize anatomy, contraindications, durability, and patient priorities.[6][14][17][18][20]",
        "columns": [
          "Option",
          "Best-supported role",
          "Key tradeoff or limitation"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Compression therapy",
            "Symptomatic patients in whom conservative management is warranted by clinical circumstances or preference.[5][16]",
            "Not recommended as the primary substitute for intervention in an otherwise eligible patient with saphenous reflux.[5][16]"
          ],
          [
            "EVLA or RFA",
            "Intervention-eligible symptomatic truncal saphenous reflux; EVLA achieved 88.5% 1-year anatomic success in one randomized comparison.[20]",
            "Thermal techniques require tumescent anesthesia and can cause pain, burns, pigmentation, or nerve injury.[17]"
          ],
          [
            "Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy",
            "Option for selected anatomy or when thermal ablation is unsuitable; may be used for tributaries.[17][23]",
            "Lower 1-year anatomic success than EVLA or surgery in one RCT and less durable great saphenous control at 5 years.[18][20]"
          ],
          [
            "Conventional surgery",
            "Alternative when endovenous thermal treatment is unsuitable or declined; 88.2% 1-year anatomic success in one RCT.[19][20]",
            "More invasive than endovenous treatment; select after anatomy and recovery priorities are reviewed.[17][19]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "sclerotherapy-safety",
      "eyebrow": "Procedure Safety",
      "heading": "Screen for sclerotherapy contraindications before foam treatment",
      "intro": "Exclude acute thromboembolism and infection before injecting sclerosant.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Do not perform sclerotherapy in a patient with known allergy to the sclerosant, acute venous thromboembolism, local infection in the treatment field, or severe generalized infection. For foam sclerotherapy, known symptomatic right-to-left shunt, including symptomatic patent foramen ovale, is an additional absolute contraindication.[14]",
        "Treat pregnancy, lactation, severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease, poor general health, high thromboembolic risk, active cancer, long-term immobility, and severe thrombophilia as relative contraindications requiring individualized risk-benefit assessment. If sclerotherapy is urgent during lactation, the guideline advises interruption of lactation for 2 to 3 days.[14]",
        "For known thrombophilia with high thrombus risk, undertake sclerotherapy only with additional pharmacologic thrombosis prophylaxis. The source does not specify an agent or regimen; individualize prophylaxis to thrombotic risk and bleeding risk rather than applying a uniform dose.[14]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Ask specifically about prior neurologic symptoms or migraine after foam; this is a relative contraindication to repeat foam treatment.[14]",
        "Defer RFA or reassess selection in pregnancy, active superficial or deep venous thrombosis, uncorrectable bleeding/clotting disorders, or ankle-brachial index below 0.9; these are reported relative contraindications.[16]",
        "A superficial vein diameter below 2 mm is also reported as a relative contraindication to RFA and should prompt reassessment of technical suitability.[16]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Contraindication screening changes whether and how sclerotherapy is performed.[14]",
        "columns": [
          "Finding",
          "Classification",
          "Action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Sclerosant allergy, acute venous thromboembolism, local infection, or severe generalized infection",
            "Absolute contraindication to sclerotherapy.[14]",
            "Do not inject sclerosant; address the acute condition or select another strategy.[14]"
          ],
          [
            "Symptomatic right-to-left shunt",
            "Absolute contraindication to foam sclerotherapy.[14]",
            "Avoid foam; assess another treatment approach.[14]"
          ],
          [
            "Pregnancy, lactation, severe peripheral arterial disease, active cancer, immobility, prior thromboembolism, or severe thrombophilia",
            "Relative contraindication.[14]",
            "Individualize risk-benefit assessment; if urgent during lactation, interrupt lactation for 2-3 days.[14]"
          ],
          [
            "Known thrombophilia with high thrombus risk",
            "Higher-risk setting.[14]",
            "Use additional pharmacologic thrombosis prophylaxis if proceeding.[14]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "postprocedure-follow-up",
      "eyebrow": "Follow-up",
      "heading": "Plan early recovery and assess for residual or recurrent disease",
      "intro": "Postprocedure care should reduce early pain and detect treatment failure or complications.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "After thermal ablation, use compression for short-term symptom control when appropriate. Guideline evidence found better pain scores during the first 5 days after endothermal saphenous ablation with compression, but longer use of 3 to 6 weeks did not add benefit over 3 to 10 days after surgery in the cited evidence.[15] A one-week post-ablation compression course is also described in a recent review.[16]",
        "At follow-up, reassess clinical class, symptom response, and residual tributaries; duplex ultrasound is the modality used to determine treated-vein obliteration, patency, and residual reflux. Randomized trials used anatomic success defined by obliteration or absence of the treated vein on ultrasound and tracked changes in CEAP and disease-specific quality of life.[2][20]",
        "If clinically important reflux or varicosities persist after foam, anticipate that repeat treatment may be necessary. If durable truncal closure is the priority, revisit EVLA or surgery rather than assuming an initial foam session provides equivalent long-term control.[18][20][23]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use a short compression course after endothermal ablation primarily for early pain reduction; prolonged compression has not shown added benefit in the cited postoperative comparison.[15]",
        "Document CEAP and, when used locally, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score at baseline and follow-up to quantify response.[5]",
        "Use duplex follow-up when symptoms persist, recur, or when treatment success needs anatomic confirmation.[2][20]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Follow-up should separate early recovery from anatomic assessment of persistent disease.[2][5][15][20]",
        "columns": [
          "Follow-up question",
          "Assessment",
          "Result that changes next step"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Is early post-ablation pain limiting recovery?",
            "Assess pain during the first postoperative days and use short-course compression when appropriate.[15]",
            "Early pain benefit supports compression; extending compression for several weeks has not shown additional postoperative benefit in cited evidence.[15]"
          ],
          [
            "Has the treated truncal vein closed?",
            "Duplex ultrasound for obliteration/absence of the treated segment and residual reflux.[2][20]",
            "Persistent reflux or non-obliteration warrants reassessment for additional treatment.[20][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Has clinical disease improved?",
            "Repeat CEAP class and symptom assessment; revised Venous Clinical Severity Score can track treatment outcome.[5][20]",
            "Persistent C3-C6 manifestations or functional symptoms require reassessment of superficial, deep, and perforator pathology.[2][5]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "Is a mandatory compression trial required before ablation of symptomatic saphenous reflux?",
      "answer": "No. Compression is reasonable when conservative treatment is clinically appropriate, but guidelines recommend against compression as primary treatment when the patient is a candidate for saphenous vein intervention.[5][16]"
    },
    {
      "question": "When should foam sclerotherapy be avoided?",
      "answer": "Avoid sclerotherapy with sclerosant allergy, acute venous thromboembolism, local or severe systemic infection; avoid foam specifically in known symptomatic right-to-left shunt. Assess relative contraindications individually, including pregnancy, high thromboembolic risk, active cancer, and immobility.[14]"
    }
  ],
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    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Scientific summary - Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial - NCBI Bookshelf",
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    {
      "number": 22,
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      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285243",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
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    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Introduction - Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
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      "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
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    }
  ],
  "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.",
  "citations": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "title": "Nonsurgical Management of Chronic Venous Insufficiency",
      "detail": "www.nejm.org",
      "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMcp2310224",
      "authors": "www.nejm.org",
      "host": "www.nejm.org",
      "snippet": "A duplex ultrasound examination revealed a segmental reflux, with a reflux time of 1.8 seconds and a vein diameter of 2 to 3 mm, in the great saphenous veins",
      "score": 0.4081122
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "CaVenT - BMJ Open",
      "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/suppl/2013/08/28/bmjopen-2013-002984.DC1/bmjopen-2013-002984supp.pdf",
      "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "(CEAP) classification48;49 This is a classification of Clinical (dermatological) signs, Etiology, Anatomic distribution and Pathophysiologic dysfunction: Clinical signs Class 0 No visible or palpable signs of venous disease Class 1 Teleangiectases or reticular veins Class 2 Varicose veins Class 3 Ed",
      "score": 0.40218133
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "A Randomized Trial Comparing Treatments for Varicose Veins",
      "detail": "www.nejm.org",
      "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1400781",
      "authors": "www.nejm.org",
      "host": "www.nejm.org",
      "snippet": "duplex ultrasonographic scanning to assess suitability for treatment and entry presence of edema, C4 skin and subcutaneous changes, C5 healed",
      "score": 0.22476971
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Investigation of Chronic Venous Insufficiency : A Consensus Statement",
      "detail": "www.ahajournals.org",
      "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.102.20.e126",
      "authors": "www.ahajournals.org",
      "host": "www.ahajournals.org",
      "snippet": "Varicose veins are the most common manifestation of CVI. It is believed that they are usually due to abnormal distensibility of connective tissue in the vein",
      "score": 0.31846446
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741521411003272",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "and burden. The level of available evidence to support the evaluation or treatment can be of high (A), medium (B), or low or very low (C) quality. The key recommendations of these guidelines are: We recommend that in patients with varicose veins or more severe CVD, a complete history and detailed ph",
      "score": 0.78788257
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "A systematic review supporting the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Venous Forum, and the American Vein and Lymphatic Society guidelines on the management of varicose veins",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213333X21004212",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "The current systematic review summarizes the evidence to develop and support forthcoming updated SVS/AVF/American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guideline recommendations. The evidence supports duplex scanning for evaluating patients with varicose veins and confirms that HL/S resulted ",
      "score": 0.7286136
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "The 2022 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part I. Duplex Scanning and Treatment of Superficial Truncal Reflux: Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine and the International Union of Phlebology",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213333X22004176",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "and skin grafting. SVDs are prevalent and have varied manifestations predominantly in the lower extremities. Several studies highlight the growing clinical and financial burden of these diseases. This review provides an update on the pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, and imaging fi",
      "score": 0.6222074
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "The 2023 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part II: Endorsed by the Society of Interventional Radiology and the Society for Vascular Medicine",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213333X23003220",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "; \n\nAVF, \n\nAmerican Venous Forum\n\n; \n\nAVVQ, \n\nAberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire\n\n; \n\nBK, \n\nbelow the knee\n\n; \n\nCAGR, \n\nCompound Annual Growth Rate\n\n; \n\nCHIVA, \n\ncure conservatrice et hémodynamique de l'insuffisance veineuse en ambulatoire (ie, ambulatory conservative hemodynamic treatment of vari",
      "score": 0.6058229
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Diagnostic procedures for venous problems - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07515.x/pdf",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "The acronym CEAP [3] denotes an internationally recognized classifi- cation system to describe venous disorders … primary varicose veins, D-dimer in the",
      "score": 0.5533369
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Aging of the venous valves as a new risk factor for venous ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jth.13880",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Venous valves and reflux were measured by ultrasonog- raphy in cases and controls aged 70+. Varicose veins, Relation between D-dimer level,",
      "score": 0.38214198
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Chronic venous insufficiency – a review of pathophysiology ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ddg.13242",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Varicose veins with or without edema. Color-flow duplex ultrasound is currently the gold standard in the diagnosis of chronic venous disease.",
      "score": 0.27476397
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "A001–A193 - BJS Society - Wiley",
      "detail": "bjssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://bjssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bjs.6310",
      "authors": "bjssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "bjssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "in venous leg ulcer treatment–randomized study ... of edema/enlargement, varicose veins/collateral skin circulation, vascular ... Diagnose was based on ultrasound (",
      "score": 0.1809015
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Cochrane Library",
      "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
      "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010637.pub3/pdf/full/en",
      "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
      "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
      "snippet": "varicose veins. Journal of Dermatologic Surgery ... D -dimer-based manage- ment strategy for ... Reflux (axial and perforating veins). Po. Obstruction",
      "score": 0.3413195
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "S2k guidelines: diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9358954",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "6.2.3.1.2.1 Absolute contraindications Known allergy to the sclerosing agentAcute venous thromboembolismLocal infection in the region of the sclerotherapy or severe generalised infection\n\nFor foam sclerotherapy:Known symptomatic right-to-left shunt (e.g., symptomatic patent foramen ovale)\n\n6.2.3.1.2",
      "score": 0.64344186
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "The 2023 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part II",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11523430",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "al97 demonstrated a clear benefit of compression leading to significantly better pain scores for the first 5 days after endothermal ablation of saphenous veins. Compression was effective in reducing early pain also in patients who underwent concurrent phlebectomies (Table V).Table VBenefit of compre",
      "score": 0.6337056
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Venous Insufficiency: Endovascular and Surgical Treatment",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11885322",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "The are no absolute contraindicated for RFA use, but the relative contraindications include superficial vein diameter of less than two mm, superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), deep venous thrombosis (DVT), venous aneurysm, pregnancy, known malignancy and uncorrectable bleeding or clotting disorders,",
      "score": 0.6296157
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Pain Outcomes Following Mechanochemical Ablation vs Cyanoacrylate Adhesive for the Treatment of Primary Truncal Saphenous Vein Incompetence: The MOCCA Randomized Clinical Trial - PMC",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8988024",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "endovenous laser ablation, as the first-line treatment of saphenous veins reflux.7 ETAs demonstrate a short recovery time and are cost-effective compared with open surgery. Occlusion rates greater than 90% have been reported for ETA at up to 5 years of follow-up.8,9,10,11 ETAs denature the venous wa",
      "score": 0.6097339
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial of conventional surgery, endovenous laser ablation and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with great saphenous varicose veins. - Abstract",
      "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26132315",
      "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Patients undergoing conventional surgery, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for GSV varicose veins were followed up for 5 years. Primary outcome was obliteration or absence of the treated GSV segment; secondary outcomes were absence of GSV reflux, and c",
      "score": 0.86713725
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Final discussion - Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285226",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Markov modelling based on the trial data and the limited data currently available on longer-term recurrence rates suggests that, at 5 years, EVLA has the highest probability of being cost-effective (≈ 79%), followed by foam sclerotherapy (≈ 17%) and surgery (≈ 5%), for patients considered clinically",
      "score": 0.8616433
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Comparing endovenous laser ablation, foam sclerotherapy, and conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. - Abstract",
      "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23769603",
      "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "A total of 240 consecutive patients with primary symptomatic great saphenous vein reflux were randomized to EVLA, UGFS, or CS, consisting of high ligation and short stripping. Primary outcome was anatomic success defined as obliteration or absence of the treated vein on ultrasound examination after ",
      "score": 0.85567063
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Scientific summary - Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285229",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "The cost and effect data from the trial were used to populate a 5-year Markov cost-effectiveness model. For the first 6-month cycle, the model was populated using mean cost and utility data obtained from all randomised patients. Beyond 6 months, the best available evidence on the risk of clinical re",
      "score": 0.85421735
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Trial design - Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285243",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "be sensitive to the number of participants with recurrent varicose veins requiring reintervention in each group. Allowing for additional loss to follow-up (up to 20%) by 5 years, the study will have 90% power to detect a 15% difference in recurrence from 32% in conventional surgery to 45% in the oth",
      "score": 0.8232293
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Introduction - Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285231",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of foam found that foam appeared efficacious in terms of obliterating the main trunk veins,18 but more than one treatment session may be required to achieve this. In a series of 500 patients, Cabrera19 achieved obliteration of the GSV in 81% of cases; 8",
      "score": 0.81025416
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Interventions for great saphenous vein incompetence - Whing, J - 2021",
      "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
      "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005624.pub4/references",
      "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
      "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com",
      "snippet": "Five-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing open surgery, foam sclerotherapy and endovenous laser ablation for great saphenous varicose veins.",
      "score": 0.7443038
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T23:06:44.210765+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T23:06:44.210765+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 5,
  "slug": "varicose-veins"
}