{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Ophthalmology", "title": "Retinal Detachment", "summary": "Retinal detachment requires rapid classification, assessment of macular status, and urgent vitreoretinal referral. Management differs for rhegmatogenous, tractional, and exudative disease; procedure selection depends on break anatomy, lens status, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and surgeon judgment.", "seoDescription": "Physician-focused review of retinal detachment recognition, imaging, urgency, prognostic factors, and surgical options including pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle, and vitrectomy.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians recognize, triage, classify, and coordinate definitive management of suspected retinal detachment?", "specialty": "Ophthalmology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "retinal detachment", "rhegmatogenous retinal detachment", "posterior vitreous detachment", "retinal tear", "pneumatic retinopexy", "scleral buckle", "pars plana vitrectomy" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "New flashes, a sudden increase in floaters, vitreous hemorrhage, Shafer sign, or a progressive peripheral field defect should prompt urgent dilated retinal examination to exclude retinal tear or detachment.[4][5][7]", "Macular status is a major determinant of visual prognosis in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; prompt vitreoretinal assessment is particularly important when the macula remains attached.[20]", "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is treated with pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, or selected combinations; choice is anatomy- and patient-dependent rather than uniform.[3][12][13]", "Ocular ultrasound can identify retinal detachment when direct posterior-segment visualization is limited, but does not replace ophthalmic examination when a retinal break or detachment is suspected.[2][6][11]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "urgent-recognition", "eyebrow": "Triage", "heading": "Recognize presentations requiring urgent retinal evaluation", "intro": "Symptoms alone do not establish detachment, but certain findings increase concern for a retinal tear or rhegmatogenous detachment.", "paragraphs": [ "A new shower of floaters, change in photopsias, vitreous hemorrhage, or a peripheral visual-field defect warrants prompt assessment for vitreoretinal traction, retinal tear, and retinal detachment. High myopia, trauma, and prior retinal detachment in either eye increase concern.[4][7]", "Pigment granules in the anterior vitreous (Shafer sign, or tobacco dust) are strongly associated with retinal break in the appropriate symptomatic setting. Relative afferent pupillary defect, reduced visual acuity, mild anterior uveitis, and lower intraocular pressure than the fellow eye may occur in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment but are nonspecific.[4][5]", "Do not reassure solely on the basis of longstanding floaters. The clinically important change is an abrupt increase in floaters or a change in photopsia pattern, particularly temporal flashes, which may indicate significant vitreoretinal traction.[7]" ], "bullets": [ "Urgently refer for dilated retinal examination when symptoms suggest a retinal tear or detachment, especially with vitreous pigment, hemorrhage, field loss, trauma, or high myopia.[4][5][7]", "A fixed or enlarging peripheral field defect is particularly concerning for established detachment rather than uncomplicated posterior vitreous detachment.[5]", "Partial posterior vitreous detachment may carry greater risk of late retinal tears than complete posterior vitreous detachment.[4][7]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Clinical patterns that help prioritize evaluation for retinal detachment or a retinal break.[4][5][7]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Interpretation", "Practical action" ], "rows": [ [ "Sudden shower of floaters or changed photopsias", "May reflect acute vitreoretinal traction or a retinal tear.[4][7]", "Arrange prompt dilated retinal assessment.[4][7]" ], [ "Shafer sign in anterior vitreous", "Pigment granules are highly predictive of a retinal break in symptomatic patients.[4][5]", "Urgent vitreoretinal review, even if an initial break is not identified.[4]" ], [ "Progressive peripheral field defect", "Compatible with advancing retinal detachment.[5]", "Urgent ophthalmology or retina evaluation.[5]" ], [ "High myopia, trauma, or previous retinal detachment", "Risk factors that raise pretest probability of retinal detachment.[7]", "Lower threshold for urgent retinal examination.[7]" ] ] } }, { "id": "classification-and-assessment", "eyebrow": "Diagnosis", "heading": "Classify detachment mechanism and establish macular status", "intro": "Mechanism determines the likely cause, urgency, and definitive treatment approach.", "paragraphs": [ "Retinal detachment may be rhegmatogenous, tractional, or exudative. Rhegmatogenous detachment occurs when a retinal break permits vitreous fluid to enter the subretinal space. Tractional detachment results from proliferative tissue on the retinal or vitreous surface pulling the neurosensory retina away from the retinal pigment epithelium. Exudative detachment results from subretinal fluid accumulation associated with inflammatory, vascular, or mass lesions.[2]", "The key immediate ophthalmic distinction in rhegmatogenous disease is whether the macula remains attached. Macula-on status is associated with better postoperative visual prognosis; one cited study found best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 83% of patients whose macula remained attached.[20]", "Direct visualization with dilated examination remains central. When media opacity or other constraints prevent adequate posterior-segment examination, ocular ultrasound can demonstrate retinal detachment and other pathology, including lens dislocation, intraocular foreign body, choroidal detachment, and globe disruption; it is also used for posterior chamber and orbital pathology in point-of-care settings.[2][6][11]" ], "bullets": [ "Document visual acuity, pupils, confrontational fields, and whether symptoms suggest central visual involvement; macular involvement materially affects prognosis and surgical prioritization.[5][20]", "Use ocular ultrasonography as an adjunct when the retina cannot be visualized adequately; distinguish retinal attachment to the optic disc from mobile vitreous membranes when interpreting membranous echoes.[7]", "Consider tractional disease in the appropriate proliferative context; diabetic tractional retinal detachment prognosis is influenced by systemic diabetes, renal status, hypertension, and sickle cell hemoglobinopathy.[19]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Mechanistic categories of retinal detachment and their clinical implications.[2][19]", "columns": [ "Type", "Mechanism", "Management implication" ], "rows": [ [ "Rhegmatogenous", "A retinal break permits vitreous fluid to enter the subretinal space.[2]", "Requires retinal-break identification and repair with a retinal reattachment strategy.[3][12][13]" ], [ "Tractional", "Proliferative tissue on the retina or vitreous exerts traction on the neurosensory retina.[2]", "Vitrectomy and membrane management may be required when detachment is clinically significant or persistent.[19]" ], [ "Exudative", "Inflammatory, vascular, or tumor-associated fluid exceeds retinal pigment epithelium pump capacity.[2][3]", "Treat the underlying inflammatory, vascular, or mass-related driver rather than applying a break-directed approach alone.[2][3]" ] ] } }, { "id": "timing-and-prognosis", "eyebrow": "Urgency", "heading": "Use macular status and symptom duration to frame prognosis and timing", "intro": "Urgent evaluation is appropriate for all suspected detachments; surgical timing is individualized by retinal specialists.", "paragraphs": [ "For rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, macula-on status, shorter duration of macular detachment, and lower height of macular detachment are associated with better visual prognosis.[20] Visual recovery is generally less favorable after macular involvement. In one cited synthesis, approximately 50% of patients with macula-off detachment achieved 6/15 or better after surgery performed within the first week.[20]", "The available evidence summarized in the supplied literature indicates that macula-off detachment repair should occur within the first week and need not invariably be performed within the first 24 hours; however, cases operated within 72 hours may have visual outcomes only marginally worse than macula-on detachments in some reports.[20] These observations should not delay urgent retinal specialist assessment, because detachment extent, progression, break configuration, and local surgical capability alter prioritization.", "After repair, recurrent detachment is clinically consequential because it often requires additional surgery and is associated with poorer visual outcomes. Reported recurrence rates vary substantially across studies, from 5% to 37.3%, reflecting heterogeneous populations and operative contexts.[18]" ], "bullets": [ "Communicate that anatomic reattachment does not guarantee full visual recovery; metamorphopsia and reduced visual function may persist despite successful repair.[3]", "Assess for factors linked to recurrence or worse outcomes, including proliferative vitreoretinopathy, extensive detachment, inferior involvement, detached macula, longer symptom duration, and inadequate prophylactic retinopexy in observational cohorts.[17][18]", "In diabetic tractional retinal detachment, recurrent detachment after vitrectomy has been reported in 5% to 15% of cases and is associated with poorer prognosis.[19]" ], "subsections": [], "table": null }, { "id": "surgical-management", "eyebrow": "Definitive care", "heading": "Match retinal repair strategy to detachment anatomy and patient factors", "intro": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is managed surgically by retinal specialists.", "paragraphs": [ "The principal surgical options for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, and pars plana vitrectomy; combined procedures are used selectively.[3][12][13] Choice depends on break location and number, detachment configuration, lens status, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and surgeon clinical judgment and experience.[3]", "Pneumatic retinopexy is an option in selected cases. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that pars plana vitrectomy was associated with greater odds of retinal displacement than pneumatic retinopexy, whereas cataract formation and cataract surgery were more frequent after vitrectomy and new retinal tears were more frequent after pneumatic retinopexy.[13] These comparative data support individualized selection rather than a universal preference.", "Scleral buckling remains useful in selected situations despite declining procedural frequency relative to vitrectomy.[12] Relevant complications include refractive change, diplopia, buckle extrusion or infection, transscleral erosion, cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy changes.[12][15]" ], "bullets": [ "Pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, and pars plana vitrectomy are all established approaches for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.[3][12][13]", "Vitrectomy tradeoffs include a higher frequency of cataract formation or cataract surgery relative to pneumatic retinopexy in meta-analysis.[13]", "Pneumatic retinopexy tradeoffs include a more frequent occurrence of new retinal tears relative to pars plana vitrectomy in meta-analysis.[13]", "Scleral buckle drainage-related complications include choroidal or retinal hemorrhage, retinal or vitreous incarceration, retinal perforation, hypotony, and choroidal detachment.[12][15]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Postoperative concerns", "paragraphs": [ "Postoperative surveillance should focus on recurrent detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pressure-related complications, inflammation, and procedure-specific adverse effects. Early complications after scleral buckling include corneal edema, extraocular muscle dysfunction, anterior segment ischemia, glaucoma, recurrent detachment, choroidal detachment, and persistent subretinal fluid; late complications include diplopia, refractive change, extrusion, infection, cystoid macular edema, and epiretinal membrane.[12]" ], "bullets": [ "New postoperative visual decline, field loss, pain, or symptoms consistent with recurrent detachment requires urgent reassessment.[12][17][18]" ] } ], "table": { "caption": "Selected procedure-level tradeoffs for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair.[3][12][13][15]", "columns": [ "Procedure", "Role", "Important tradeoffs or complications" ], "rows": [ [ "Pneumatic retinopexy", "One of three principal repair options for selected rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.[3][13]", "Meta-analysis found fewer cataract-related events than pars plana vitrectomy but more new retinal tears.[13]" ], [ "Scleral buckling", "Continues to have a role in selected cases despite reduced use relative to vitrectomy.[12]", "May cause refractive change, diplopia, extrusion, infection, cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane, and drainage-related hemorrhagic or hypotony complications.[12][15]" ], [ "Pars plana vitrectomy", "Widely used repair option for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.[12][13]", "Meta-analysis found more cataract formation or cataract surgery and greater odds of retinal displacement than pneumatic retinopexy.[13]" ] ] } }, { "id": "care-coordination", "eyebrow": "Practice", "heading": "Coordinate immediate care without delaying retinal evaluation", "intro": "The referring clinician’s role is risk recognition, focused documentation, and expedited access to ophthalmic assessment.", "paragraphs": [ "For suspected retinal detachment, document onset and progression of flashes, floaters, field loss, trauma, prior ocular surgery, myopia, prior detachment, visual acuity, pupil findings, and whether central vision appears affected. These data help the receiving ophthalmologist assess probable mechanism, macular status, and urgency.[5][7][20]", "If posterior-segment visualization is limited, ocular ultrasound may support the diagnosis of detachment or identify alternative pathology. It should be interpreted in context and should not substitute for specialist evaluation when symptoms or examination suggest a retinal break or detachment.[2][6][11]" ], "bullets": [ "Avoid false reassurance from a nondiagnostic limited examination when high-risk symptoms or vitreous pigment are present.[4][5][7]", "Provide explicit return precautions after posterior vitreous detachment or retinal repair for recurrent flashes, abrupt new floaters, field defects, or worsening vision.[4][7][12]", "Promptly communicate macular symptoms, visual acuity, ultrasound findings when obtained, trauma history, and anticoagulant or systemic disease context to the retinal service." ], "subsections": [], "table": null } ], "faq": [ { "question": "Can ocular point-of-care ultrasound diagnose retinal detachment?", "answer": "Ocular ultrasound can demonstrate retinal detachment when direct visualization is limited and can help identify other ocular pathology, including lens dislocation, foreign body, choroidal detachment, and globe disruption. It is an adjunct and does not replace dilated retinal examination or urgent specialist evaluation when clinical suspicion is high.[2][6][11]" }, { "question": "Why is macula-on retinal detachment treated as especially urgent?", "answer": "Macula-on status is a major favorable prognostic factor in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. One cited study found 83% of patients with an attached macula achieved best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better, supporting expedited retinal assessment before central involvement develops.[20]" }, { "question": "How do pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle, and vitrectomy differ?", "answer": "All are established approaches for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, with selection driven by detachment anatomy, patient characteristics, and surgeon judgment. Comparative meta-analysis found more cataract-related events and retinal displacement with pars plana vitrectomy than pneumatic retinopexy, while new retinal tears were more frequent after pneumatic retinopexy.[3][12][13]" }, { "question": "Which finding most strongly raises concern for a retinal break in symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment?", "answer": "Shafer sign, defined as pigment granules or tobacco dust in the anterior vitreous, is highly predictive of retinal break in symptomatic patients and should prompt urgent vitreoretinal review even when a break is not initially visualized.[4][5]" } ], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: The path to the real- ...", "detail": "www.cell.com", "url": "https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-medicine/pdfExtended/S2666-3791(23)00214-8", "authors": "www.cell.com", "host": "www.cell.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Ocular conditions and injuries, detection and management in spaceflight | npj Microgravity", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-023-00279-y", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 3, "title": "Retinal detachment | Nature Reviews Disease Primers", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-024-00501-5", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Posterior Vitreous Detachment - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/posterior-vitreous-detachment", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Photopsia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/photopsia", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 6, "title": "Examiner Position in Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasound", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467919302343", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "Vitreous Floaters - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/vitreous-floaters", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Perspective on Intraocular Surgeries in the Era of Coronavirus ...", "detail": "applications.emro.who.int", "url": "https://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/330/Middle-East-Afr-J-Ophthalmol-2020-27-2-69-72-eng.pdf", "authors": "applications.emro.who.int", "host": "applications.emro.who.int" }, { "number": 9, "title": "Package of Eye Care Interventions - IRIS", "detail": "iris.who.int", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/a7cc580f-d36d-4985-997d-2526279285b5/download", "authors": "iris.who.int", "host": "iris.who.int" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Neonatal Visual Impairment: Etiologies, Screening, and ...", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/neoreviews/article/26/6/e391/202031/Neonatal-Visual-Impairment-Etiologies-Screening", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org" }, { "number": 11, "title": "Ocular trauma: evaluation with US. | Radiology", "detail": "pubs.rsna.org", "url": "https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.195.2.7724761", "authors": "pubs.rsna.org", "host": "pubs.rsna.org" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Scleral Buckling - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580486", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Pneumatic Retinopexy Versus Pars Plana Vitrectomy for the Management of Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10011247", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 14, "title": "Scleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment study (SPR Study): predictive factors for functional outcome. 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Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: The path to the real- ...", "detail": "www.cell.com", "url": "https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-medicine/pdfExtended/S2666-3791(23)00214-8", "authors": "www.cell.com", "host": "www.cell.com", "snippet": "by Z Li · 2023 · Cited by 234 — A novel method for automatic retinal detachment detection and estimation using ocular ultrasound image.", "score": 0.25029883 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Ocular conditions and injuries, detection and management in spaceflight | npj Microgravity", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-023-00279-y", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "www.aemj.org\n \n .\"),98.\"). Furthermore, the unique constraints of the space environment necessitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, which ocular ultrasound may be particularly suited for99.\"). The ultrasound examination could be used to exclude ocular pat", "score": 0.18238217 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Retinal detachment | Nature Reviews Disease Primers", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-024-00501-5", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "condition, vascular abnormality or the presence of a tumour causes exudative fluid to accumulate in the subretinal space, exceeding the osmotic pump function of the RPE. The surgical management of RD usually involves pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling or pneumatic retinopexy. The approach taken", "score": 0.7352811 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Posterior Vitreous Detachment - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/posterior-vitreous-detachment", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Repeat looking left-right-straight ahead. The test may help exclude a break; only 8% of eyes with retinal breaks are Shafer negative. If positive, arrange urgent vitreoretinal review, even if no break is found. [...] B.\nPartial PVD is less common than the complete form, but late complications such a", "score": 0.35541737 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Photopsia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/photopsia", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "#### Signs\n\nNonspecific signs of RRD may include reduced visual acuity, relative afferent pupillary defect, mild anterior uveitis, and low IOP compared to the fellow eye. Up to 2% of patients may present with raised IOP or Schwartz–Matsuo syndrome. This typically occurs in young patients with chroni", "score": 0.32508168 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Examiner Position in Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasound", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467919302343", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by E Khattab · 2019 · Cited by 4 — Ocular POCUS can be used for evaluation of posterior chamber and orbital pathology, including retinal detachment, vitreous detachment or hemorrhage, foreign", "score": 0.23270264 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Vitreous Floaters - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/vitreous-floaters", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "II.\nPosterior (Figs. 12.8 and 12.9)\n\nA.\nThe condition is present in approximately 65% of people older than 65 years of age and in more than 50% of people between 50 and 65 years of age. Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) often develops in the fellow eye within two years of development in the first ", "score": 0.21026355 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Perspective on Intraocular Surgeries in the Era of Coronavirus ...", "detail": "applications.emro.who.int", "url": "https://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/330/Middle-East-Afr-J-Ophthalmol-2020-27-2-69-72-eng.pdf", "authors": "applications.emro.who.int", "host": "applications.emro.who.int", "snippet": "6. Gupta B, Sivaprasad S, Wong R, Laidlaw A, Jackson TL, McHugh D, et al. Visual and anatomical outcomes following vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy: The DRIVE UK study. Eye 2012;26:510-6. Available from: \nretinalscreening.nhs.uk. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 07].\n7. Ehrlich R, Nied", "score": 0.2763137 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Package of Eye Care Interventions - IRIS", "detail": "iris.who.int", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/a7cc580f-d36d-4985-997d-2526279285b5/download", "authors": "iris.who.int", "host": "iris.who.int", "snippet": "Rehabilitation Retinal screening in high-risk populations.1. A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for infectious and non-infectious", "score": 0.2543751 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Neonatal Visual Impairment: Etiologies, Screening, and ...", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/neoreviews/article/26/6/e391/202031/Neonatal-Visual-Impairment-Etiologies-Screening", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "There is no cure for retinal dystrophies at this time, so treatment for these patients focuses on supportive measures. Management options", "score": 0.033834524 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Ocular trauma: evaluation with US. | Radiology", "detail": "pubs.rsna.org", "url": "https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.195.2.7724761", "authors": "pubs.rsna.org", "host": "pubs.rsna.org", "snippet": "by MM McNicholas · 1995 · Cited by 80 — retinal detachments, accurately demonstrates ocular damage. The presence of dense vitreous traction bands may indicate impending retinal detachment.", "score": 0.16162466 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Scleral Buckling - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580486", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is one of the most commonly encountered pathology by a vitreoretinal surgeon. The surgical approaches for RRD treatment are pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling (SB), and pars plana vitrectomy. Vitrectomy has gained popularity over the last couple of decades", "score": 0.79484755 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Pneumatic Retinopexy Versus Pars Plana Vitrectomy for the Management of Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10011247", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Further analysis revealed that patients who underwent PPV were at higher risk of developing retinal displacement as compared to those who underwent PnR (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.26–5.59) (Fig. S1 in the Supplementary Information). Finally, we compared the adverse events of these two procedures. Most of t", "score": 0.77487355 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Scleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment study (SPR Study): predictive factors for functional outcome. Study report no. 6 | Cochrane Library", "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/content?templateType=related&urlTitle=%2Fcentral%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcentral%2FCN-00801716&doi=10.1002%2Fcentral%2FCN-00801716&p_p_id=scolariscontentdisplay_WAR_scolariscontentdisplay&_scolariscontentdisplay_WAR_scolariscontentdisplay_action=related-content&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&type=central&contentLanguage=", "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "snippet": "Title: Scleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment study (SPR Study): predictive factors for functional outcome. Study report no. 6 | Cochrane Library\nScleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment study (SPR Study): predictive fac", "score": 0.7407191 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Scleral Buckling: A Review of Clinical Aspects and Current Concepts", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8778378", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "According to a report conducted among Medicare beneficiaries, vitrectomy complications can be classified as severe (i.e., endophthalmitis, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, PVR, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment) and less severe (i.e., choroidal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal edema, glaucoma, ret", "score": 0.67988104 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, and vitrectomy ...", "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18204500", "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "by WH Ross · 2008 · Cited by 38 — Pseudophakic retinal detachments can be successfully managed with pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, and combined vitrectomy and buckling procedures", "score": 0.6721816 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Recurrent Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11971961", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Visual outcomes were measured for all eyes at 1 month, 3 months, and either at 1 year postoperatively or at the last follow-up visit for patients who did not continue follow-up to 1 year. The recurrence of RRD in the same eye was assessed and measured, with recurrence defined as “two or more RRD in ", "score": 0.83225065 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Incidence and risk factors for recurrence after surgical treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a retrospective cohort study", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12096617", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Various studies have identified risk factors associated with RRD recurrence with conflicting reports. Variably reported risk factors include high myopia, multiple or large retinal breaks, incomplete closure of the break intraoperatively, and PVR as being associated with a higher incidence of recurre", "score": 0.8025714 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Retinal Traction Detachment - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558952", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Recurrent retinal detachment post-pars plana vitrectomy for retinal traction detachment:Recurrent retinal detachment after vitrectomy for diabetic RTD is reported in 5% to 15% cases and is associated with a poorer prognosis.(#article-35593.r11) Risk factors include intraoperative occult retinotomy, ", "score": 0.78631157 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Retinal Detachment - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551502", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "The prognosis of RD varies significantly on the type of detachment and patient presentation. For an RRD, one of the most essential prognosticating factors is whether or not the macula remains attached. One study's findings showed that 83% of patients who still had the macula attached had a best-corr", "score": 0.7458619 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Efficient retinal detachment classification using hybrid ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957417423028130", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by E Anitha · 2024 · Cited by 14 — The ability to accurately predict and classify the type of retinal detachment using medical imaging is vital for guiding appropriate treatment decisions. An", "score": 0.19966704 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Retinal Thickness - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/retinal-thickness", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Subclinical retinal detachments are defined as having less than 1–2 disc diameters of associated subretinal fluid and usually do not progress, if asymptomatic.7", "score": 0.16522941 }, { "number": 23, "title": "The role of microglia and complement C5/C5a in ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037025003411", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by H Xu · 2025 · Cited by 2 — In RRDCD, B-scan ultrasound detected retinal detachment, often accompanied by choroidal detachment, whereas UBM confirmed concurrent detachment of the ciliary", "score": 0.16426189 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Multimodal imaging of delayed sympathetic ophthalmia", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451993622003188", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by CS Wilkins · 2022 · Cited by 5 — Ultrasound of the right showed serous macular detachments ・ the patient's visual acuity OS worsened to 20/80 and SD-OCT macula revealed a new serous retinal", "score": 0.161863 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T01:25:44.072656+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T01:25:44.072656+00:00", "readingMinutes": 5, "slug": "retinal-detachment" }