{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Genitourinary imaging", "title": "Pyelonephritis Imaging Indications", "summary": "Do not image a first, uncomplicated presentation of acute pyelonephritis. Obtain urgent imaging when obstruction, severe illness, high-risk host factors, or failure to improve raises concern for a drainable or gas-forming complication.", "seoDescription": "When to image acute pyelonephritis: identify high-risk patients, choose CT versus ultrasound or MRI, and recognize obstruction requiring urgent drainage.", "clinicalQuestion": "Which patients with suspected acute pyelonephritis require imaging, which modality should be used, and when does imaging mandate drainage?", "specialty": "Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "acute pyelonephritis imaging", "complicated pyelonephritis", "obstructive pyelonephritis", "renal abscess", "emphysematous pyelonephritis", "CT abdomen pelvis" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Do not obtain diagnostic imaging for a first presentation of suspected acute pyelonephritis in an otherwise uncomplicated patient. [2][3]", "Use contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis for complicated pyelonephritis because it best detects calculi, obstruction, renal or perinephric abscess, perinephric extension, and emphysematous infection. [2][4][10]", "Lower the imaging threshold for suspected obstruction, persistent fever 72 hours after appropriate antibiotics, rapid recurrence, severe illness, pregnancy, renal transplantation, or immunocompromise. [3][5][8][13]", "Hydronephrosis or another urinary tract abnormality in a clinically infected patient requires urgent urologic assessment because ureteral stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy may be needed for drainage. [13]", "CT is the diagnostic study of choice for emphysematous pyelonephritis because it localizes renal and collecting-system gas and distinguishes this entity from infected obstruction or abscess. [5][17]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "initial-imaging-decision", "eyebrow": "Initial triage", "heading": "Who does not need imaging at presentation", "intro": "Imaging is a complication search, not routine diagnostic confirmation.", "paragraphs": [ "For a first episode of clinically suspected acute pyelonephritis in an uncomplicated patient, initial imaging is usually not appropriate. Management should proceed with urine culture and antimicrobial treatment rather than CT, MRI, or ultrasound solely to confirm renal parenchymal infection. [2][3][5]", "Do not use a negative ultrasound examination to exclude pyelonephritis: ultrasound has low sensitivity for renal parenchymal infection. Its practical role is identification of hydronephrosis or gross obstruction when CT is unavailable, contraindicated, or deferred. [6][8]", "Reclassify the case as complicated rather than pursuing confirmatory imaging when the clinical course suggests an anatomic driver or suppurative complication. The imaging question should be explicit: obstruction requiring diversion, stone disease, renal or perinephric abscess, gas-forming infection, or an alternate diagnosis. [2][8][11]" ], "bullets": [ "Do not routinely image: first-time, uncomplicated suspected acute pyelonephritis without evidence of obstruction or clinical deterioration. [2][3]", "Image for a management-changing question rather than for fever, pyuria, flank pain, or bacteriuria alone. [2][3][8]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Initial imaging triage for suspected acute pyelonephritis. [2][3][8][13]", "columns": [ "Clinical branch", "Imaging action", "Result that changes next step" ], "rows": [ [ "First, uncomplicated presentation", "No initial imaging. [2][3]", "Treat clinically; reserve imaging for nonresponse or a new complication concern. [8][11]" ], [ "Renal colic, prior obstruction, predisposition to obstruction, or obstructive symptoms", "Prompt imaging to exclude obstruction; CT is preferred when complicated disease is suspected. [5][8]", "Urinary tract abnormality or obstruction with infection prompts urgent urologic evaluation for diversion. [13]" ], [ "Persistent fever 72 hours after appropriate antibiotics or rapid recurrence", "Cross-sectional imaging, preferably contrast-enhanced CT if feasible. [8][15]", "Identify renal/perinephric abscess, obstruction, or perinephric extension. [11][15]" ], [ "Severe illness, sepsis, or other complicating host factors", "Abdominal imaging and parenteral antimicrobial treatment; CT is generally appropriate in complicated patients. [2][13]", "Obstruction may require ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy. [13]" ] ] } }, { "id": "high-risk-indications", "eyebrow": "Escalation triggers", "heading": "When to image immediately rather than observe treatment response", "intro": "Urgent imaging is warranted when delayed source control could worsen sepsis or renal injury.", "paragraphs": [ "Obstruction is the most time-sensitive imaging indication. Renal colic, a history of urinary obstruction, conditions predisposing to obstruction, or symptoms suggesting obstruction should lower the threshold for imaging. In an infected patient, the purpose is to identify an obstructed collecting system that may require urgent drainage rather than simply to document pyelonephritis. [5][8][13]", "Obtain cross-sectional imaging at presentation for patients who are severely ill or have complicating factors, including urinary calculi, ureteral stents or drains, indwelling catheters, renal transplantation, immunosuppression, or immunocompromise. These groups have greater risk of severe complications and may have an anatomic precipitant requiring intervention. [2][3][13]", "Persistent fever at 72 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy is a specific trigger for imaging, as is rapid recurrence after treatment. CT or MRI at that point evaluates for renal or perinephric abscess, persistent obstruction, or inflammatory extension beyond the kidney. [8][11][15]", "Pregnancy requires a separate pathway. Pregnancy increases the risk of severe pyelonephritis-related complications and often warrants hospitalization, but CT is usually not appropriate as initial imaging in a pregnant patient without another complication. Select ultrasound or MRI according to the obstruction and complication question. [3][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Send urine and blood cultures in severely ill or complicated patients while initiating broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics; do not delay indicated imaging or urinary drainage for culture finalization. [13]", "Request urgent urologic involvement when imaging or clinical findings suggest infected obstruction; decompression may be by ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy. [13]", "Consider abscess when fever or systemic inflammation persists despite broad-spectrum therapy; a large infected renal or retroperitoneal collection, or an abscess failing medical therapy, is an indication for image-guided drainage when a safe route exists. [15]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "High-risk patterns that should alter imaging selection and urgency. [2][3][5][8][13][17]", "columns": [ "Pattern", "Why imaging changes management", "Preferred next action" ], "rows": [ [ "Suspected infected obstruction", "Defines hydronephrosis, stone burden, and level of obstruction; infected obstruction may require diversion. [5][13]", "Obtain urgent imaging and involve urology for stent or percutaneous nephrostomy when obstruction is identified. [13]" ], [ "Diabetes with severe pyelonephritis, dehydration, ketoacidosis, or flank mass", "Raises concern for emphysematous pyelonephritis; up to 90% of cases occur in patients with diabetes. [5][17]", "Obtain CT to localize gas and assess for obstruction or abscess. [5][17]" ], [ "Renal transplant or immunosuppression", "Risk of severe complications is elevated and imaging is often needed to identify precipitating factors. [2][3]", "Use cross-sectional imaging when complicated infection is suspected. [2][3]" ], [ "Pregnancy without a separate complication", "CT is usually not appropriate as initial imaging. [3]", "Use ultrasound or MRI based on the suspected complication and clinical urgency. [3]" ] ] } }, { "id": "modality-selection", "eyebrow": "Test selection", "heading": "Choose CT, ultrasound, or MRI by the complication being sought", "intro": "Contrast-enhanced CT is the default study for complicated disease when renal function and contrast risk permit.", "paragraphs": [ "For complicated acute pyelonephritis, order CT abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast or CT without and with intravenous contrast. CT is the most sensitive modality for detecting urolithiasis, renal or perinephric abscess, and emphysematous pyelonephritis; it also characterizes diffuse versus focal infection, intrarenal gas, and perinephric extension. [2][4][10]", "Specify the suspected complication on the order. Contrast-enhanced CT is particularly useful for renal parenchymal and perinephric complications, whereas noncontrast CT may identify stone disease but can make pyelonephritis and renal vein thrombosis difficult to assess. [11]", "Use MRI when CT cannot be performed, including contrast allergy or situations where radiation avoidance is important. MRI can be performed without contrast, although contrast enhancement is preferred for evaluating pyelonephritis; it is an alternative rather than a superior study to CT for complicated infection. [2][6]", "Use ultrasound selectively to assess hydronephrosis or gas when a rapid, radiation-free bedside study is necessary, but do not rely on it to assess renal parenchymal pyelonephritis or exclude a complication when clinical suspicion remains high. CT is superior for complications and gas localization. [5][6][8]" ], "bullets": [ "Preferred study for complicated nonpregnant disease: CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast, or CT without and with IV contrast. [2]", "Alternative when CT cannot be performed: MRI, with contrast preferred when feasible. [2][6]", "Limited role for ultrasound: screen for hydronephrosis or gross obstruction; a nondiagnostic study does not exclude renal infection or abscess. [6][8]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Modality selection for suspected complicated pyelonephritis. [2][4][5][6][8][11]", "columns": [ "Modality", "Best use", "Key limitation or interpretation" ], "rows": [ [ "CT abdomen/pelvis with IV contrast", "Complicated pyelonephritis; evaluates renal involvement, abscess, perinephric extension, obstruction, and gas. [2][4][10]", "Requires consideration of iodinated contrast risk; use an alternative when CT or contrast cannot be given. [2][6]" ], [ "CT without and with IV contrast", "ACR-supported option for complicated pyelonephritis, combining stone and parenchymal assessment. [2]", "Use when both calculus evaluation and contrast-enhanced complication assessment are needed. [2][11]" ], [ "Noncontrast CT", "Detects most urinary calculi and may be obtained for flank pain or suspected renal colic. [11]", "Pyelonephritis may be difficult to diagnose without contrast; a contrast study may be necessary when renal infection or vascular mimic remains a concern. [11]" ], [ "Ultrasound", "Hydronephrosis or gross obstruction screening; may show gas. [5][8]", "Sensitivity for pyelonephritis is unacceptably low and CT better evaluates complications. [6][8]" ], [ "MRI", "Alternative when CT is not feasible; can evaluate infection without contrast. [2][6]", "Contrast enhancement is preferred; CT remains the preferred study in complicated disease. [2][6]" ] ] } }, { "id": "imaging-findings-source-control", "eyebrow": "Source control", "heading": "What imaging findings require procedural escalation", "intro": "Imaging should lead directly to drainage, not simply broaden the radiology report.", "paragraphs": [ "An obstructed urinary tract in the setting of infection requires urgent urologic consultation because diversion may be necessary by ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy. Begin broad-spectrum antibiotics active against common urinary pathogens in parallel; drainage addresses the obstructed infected system and should not be deferred until clinical response is assessed. [13][14]", "A renal or perinephric abscess explains failure of antimicrobial therapy and should prompt drainage planning when there is a large infected renal or retroperitoneal collection, or when a renal abscess or infected renal cyst fails to improve with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Cross-sectional imaging guides percutaneous drainage; lack of a safe percutaneous access route is a procedural limitation. [4][15]", "Identify emphysematous pyelonephritis by gas within renal parenchyma and use CT to define its distribution. This is a fulminant, necrotizing infection associated with gas-forming organisms including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis; CT is essential because gas can also arise in an infected obstructed collecting system or renal abscess, conditions with different drainage implications. [5][17]", "For pyonephrosis requiring nephrostomy, recognize elevated periprocedural sepsis risk in older adults, patients with diabetes, indwelling catheters, stones, ureterointestinal anastomosis, or active infection. Septic shock has been reported in as many as 7% of patients with pyonephrosis; administer broad-spectrum therapy when the organism is not yet identified and tailor antibiotic prophylaxis to cultures when available. [14][15]" ], "bullets": [ "Hydronephrosis plus infection: urgent urology consultation for stent or percutaneous nephrostomy consideration. [13]", "Renal/perinephric abscess with antibiotic nonresponse or a large infected collection: image-guided drainage assessment. [15]", "Renal gas on CT: distinguish emphysematous pyelonephritis from gas in an infected obstructed collecting system or abscess before defining the drainage approach. [5][17]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Management-changing findings on imaging in complicated pyelonephritis. [4][5][13][15][17]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Clinical implication", "Immediate next step" ], "rows": [ [ "Hydronephrosis or obstructed collecting system with infection", "Potential infected obstruction requiring urinary diversion. [13]", "Urgent urologic assessment; consider ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy. [13]" ], [ "Renal or perinephric abscess", "Cause of persistent illness and antimicrobial failure; CT characterizes intrarenal and perinephric extent. [4][11]", "Assess for cross-sectional image-guided drainage if large or not improving with broad-spectrum antibiotics. [15]" ], [ "Gas in renal parenchyma", "Emphysematous pyelonephritis, a life-threatening necrotizing infection. [5][17]", "Use CT localization to assess concurrent obstruction or abscess and direct urgent management. [5][17]" ], [ "Perinephric inflammatory extension", "Complicated infection beyond the renal parenchyma. [4][11]", "Continue complication-directed evaluation for collection or drainable source. [4][15]" ] ] } }, { "id": "reassessment-after-treatment", "eyebrow": "Follow-up imaging", "heading": "When to image after antibiotics have started", "intro": "Failure to improve converts a presumed uncomplicated infection into a complication evaluation.", "paragraphs": [ "Reassess patients with persistent fever 72 hours after appropriate antibiotics using imaging rather than empirically extending therapy without defining anatomy. CT or MRI can identify renal abscess, perinephric abscess, obstruction, and other complications that prevent clinical resolution. [8][11][15]", "Image earlier than 72 hours if the patient is clinically deteriorating, has sepsis, or has a suspected obstructed system. In severe or complicated pyelonephritis, obtain urine and blood cultures, start intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, and perform abdominal imaging to identify obstruction or another source requiring intervention. [13]", "In patients already found to have a focal renal lesion, distinguish acute focal bacterial nephritis from abscess through clinical and imaging follow-up rather than presuming that every focal lesion is drainable. Acute focal bacterial nephritis can resemble pyelonephritis or intrarenal abscess clinically, particularly in adults with genitourinary abnormalities, immunosuppression, diabetes, or cirrhosis. [19]" ], "bullets": [ "Persistent fever at 72 hours after appropriate antibiotics: obtain cross-sectional imaging. [8]", "Clinical deterioration or concern for obstructed infection: image urgently rather than wait for a 72-hour reassessment point. [13]", "A focal renal abnormality should trigger correlation for abscess, focal bacterial nephritis, obstruction, and malignancy or vascular mimics when imaging is indeterminate. [8][19]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Reassessment triggers after treatment begins. [8][11][13][15][19]", "columns": [ "Course after initial therapy", "Imaging response", "Decision consequence" ], "rows": [ [ "Improving uncomplicated presentation", "No routine imaging requirement. [2][3]", "Continue clinical management without imaging confirmation. [2][3]" ], [ "Persistent fever at 72 hours", "CT or MRI to identify obstruction, abscess, or extension. [8][15]", "Pursue source control if a drainable or obstructive complication is identified. [13][15]" ], [ "Clinical deterioration or severe systemic illness", "Urgent abdominal imaging. [13]", "Evaluate for obstruction and urgent urinary drainage. [13]" ], [ "Focal renal lesion on imaging", "Assess for acute focal bacterial nephritis versus renal abscess and correlate with treatment response. [19]", "Avoid assuming drainage is indicated without evidence of a drainable collection. [15][19]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Computer-assisted decision support for the usage of preventive ...", "detail": "www.cell.com", "url": "https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)07286-4", "authors": "www.cell.com", "host": "www.cell.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pyelonephritis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1546144018311530", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 3, "title": "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pyelonephritis: 2022 Update", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1546144022006512", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Acute pyelonephritis complicated with renal abscesses : Indian Journal of Nephrology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ijon/fulltext/2007/17020/acute_pyelonephritis_complicated_with_renal.11.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Emphysematous Pyelonephritis - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/emphysematous-pyelonephritis", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 6, "title": "Ultrasonography of Scrotum - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ultrasonography-of-scrotum", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "Urinary tract infections", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011502914001680", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Imaging in upper urinary tract infections", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221156841200126X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "Added value of restricted diffusion in acute pyelonephritis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043326002086", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Imaging Manifestations of Acute and Chronic Renal Infection That ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0846537119300907", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 11, "title": "Urinary Tract Tumor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/urinary-tract-tumor", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Qualitative and quantitative radiological analysis of non-contrast CT is a strong indicator in patients with acute pyelonephritis - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675717307519", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Pyelonephritis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pyelonephritis", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 14, "title": "Nephrostomy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/nephrostomy", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "Ureter Reimplantation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ureter-reimplantation", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 16, "title": "PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY VERSUS URETERAL STENTS FOR DIVERSION OF HYDRONEPHROSIS CAUSED BY STONES: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022534705664348", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 17, "title": "Acute Pyelonephritis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/acute-pyelonephritis", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 18, "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis: A rare and severe form—case report", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043325001463", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 19, "title": "Acute focal bacterial nephritis in a cohort of hospitalized adult patients with acute pyelonephritis. Assessment of risk factors and a predictive model - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0953620516304319", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 20, "title": "ADVANCES IN THE IMAGING OF RENAL INFECTION: Helical CT ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552005703809", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Computer-assisted decision support for the usage of preventive ...", "detail": "www.cell.com", "url": "https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)07286-4", "authors": "www.cell.com", "host": "www.cell.com", "snippet": "It exhibits a higher sensitivity in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis and predicting prognosis compared to the latter two imaging techniques.", "score": 0.28597528 }, { "number": 2, "title": "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pyelonephritis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1546144018311530", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Review article Cystitis and Pyelonephritis: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Kolman K.B.Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice • Volume 46 • 2019 Citation Excerpt: \nA computed tomography scan of the abdomen/pelvis with IV contrast is recommended over MRI and ultrasound examination as the imag", "score": 0.80771893 }, { "number": 3, "title": "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pyelonephritis: 2022 Update", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1546144022006512", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "recipients, and immunosuppressed or immunocompromised patients. Pregnant patients and patients with renal transplants on immunosuppression are at an elevated risk of severe complications. Imaging studies are often requested to aid with the diagnosis, identify precipitating factors, and differentiate", "score": 0.69795954 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Acute pyelonephritis complicated with renal abscesses : Indian Journal of Nephrology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ijon/fulltext/2007/17020/acute_pyelonephritis_complicated_with_renal.11.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Title: Acute pyelonephritis complicated with renal abscesses : Indian Journal of Nephrology\n# Acute pyelonephritis complicated with renal abscesses. In the setting of urinary tract infection these findings are suggestive of acute pyelonephritis complicated with multiple renal abscesses. By conventio", "score": 0.53021276 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Emphysematous Pyelonephritis - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/emphysematous-pyelonephritis", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Patients with cystitis who have an underlying complicating condition should have a pretreatment UC obtained, because of the more varied microbiology than in uncomplicated cystitis. In contrast, with pyelonephritis the presence of a complicating condition per se need not influence the diagnostic appr", "score": 0.6164054 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Ultrasonography of Scrotum - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ultrasonography-of-scrotum", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "##### Pyelonephritis\n\nUncomplicated patients with pyelonephritis do not require imaging.66 For complicated patients with concern for perinephric abscess or emphysematous pyelonephritis, CT with contrast is recommended.67 Although 3-phase contrast was previously recommended, single-phase nephrographi", "score": 0.55420566 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Urinary tract infections", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011502914001680", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "The diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis is based on imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. prostatic abscesses should be considered. These can be", "score": 0.5446325 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Imaging in upper urinary tract infections", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221156841200126X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "infections including uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN), emphysematous pyelonephritis, perirenal abscess, and pyonephrosis are first reviewed and then followed by pictorial review of their mimics including contrast-associated nephrotoxicity, renal infarcts,", "score": 0.47329262 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Added value of restricted diffusion in acute pyelonephritis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043326002086", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis is usually the preferred initial imaging modality. When CT findings are equivocal or indeterminate, MRI", "score": 0.46774563 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Imaging Manifestations of Acute and Chronic Renal Infection That ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0846537119300907", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "CT is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating acute bacterial pyelonephritis. Contrast-enhanced CT is considered the modality of choice for assessment of", "score": 0.43223172 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Urinary Tract Tumor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/urinary-tract-tumor", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "CT is also of help in staging transitional cell carcinoma of the renal collecting systems.\n\n4.\nRenal inflammatory disease. Most patients with acute pyelonephritis do not require imaging for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. However, because non-contrast CT is so widely used in the assessment o", "score": 0.39950758 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Qualitative and quantitative radiological analysis of non-contrast CT is a strong indicator in patients with acute pyelonephritis - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675717307519", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Eur. Radiol.\n\n## Recommended articles\n\n### Based on reading popularity\n\n## Cited by (4)\n\nCurrently, it is speculated that the impairment may be related to direct attack by SARS-CoV-2, immune-mediated injury, cytokine storm and hypercoagulation [4–6]. Previous reports have shown the value of NECT", "score": 0.2917526 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Pyelonephritis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pyelonephritis", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Indications for admission and inpatient management of patients with acute pyelonephritis include uncontrolled vomiting, signs of SIRS/sepsis, pregnancy, male anatomy, renal transplant, and other complicating factors such as the presence of calculi, ureteral stents/drains, and indwelling catheters. T", "score": 0.69845337 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Nephrostomy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/nephrostomy", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "The risk of periprocedural sepsis is increased in the elderly, in diabetics, and in patients with indwelling catheters, stones, ureterointestinal anastomosis, or the clinical presence of infection; septic shock can occur in as many as 7% of patients with pyonephrosis. The organisms that commonly inf", "score": 0.5354634 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Ureter Reimplantation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ureter-reimplantation", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "##### Principles\n\nPercutaneous drainage of renal and related retroperitoneal abscesses almost always obviates the need for surgical drainage. Cross-sectional imaging is used for guidance for the drainage. Most patients who present with acute pyelonephritis do not require imaging, but contrast-enhanc", "score": 0.5013922 }, { "number": 16, "title": "PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY VERSUS URETERAL STENTS FOR DIVERSION OF HYDRONEPHROSIS CAUSED BY STONES: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022534705664348", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Urol Clin North Am\n\n### Pyelonephritis from severe incrustations on silicone ureteral stents: management\n\n### J Urol\n\n### Symptoms arising from Double-J ureteral stents\n\n### J Urol\n\n### Morbidity associated with indwelling internal ureteral stents after shock wave lithotripsy\n\n### J Urol\n\n### Co", "score": 0.3753864 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Acute Pyelonephritis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/acute-pyelonephritis", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a fulminant, necrotizing, life-threatening variant of acute pyelonephritis caused by gas-forming organisms, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis.35 Up to 90% of cases occur in diabetic patients, and obstruction may be present. Symptom", "score": 0.63397753 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis: A rare and severe form—case report", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043325001463", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "We report a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a diabetic patient diagnosed by radiological imaging; it progressed favourably under appropriate antibiotic", "score": 0.49729064 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Acute focal bacterial nephritis in a cohort of hospitalized adult patients with acute pyelonephritis. Assessment of risk factors and a predictive model - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0953620516304319", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Pediatrics\n\n## Cited by (13)\n\n### Thinking of Draining a Renal Abscess? Wait! – Could Be Acute Lobar Nephronia\n\nThough commonly described in children, ALN may affect adults especially those with genitourinary abnormalities, immunosuppression or underlying comorbidities such as diabetes and cirrh", "score": 0.49655825 }, { "number": 20, "title": "ADVANCES IN THE IMAGING OF RENAL INFECTION: Helical CT ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552005703809", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "A hallmark of acute pyelonephritis is that the visualized abnormality covers different territories on different imaging studies. For example, the size and", "score": 0.36514026 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T21:08:44.224026+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T21:08:44.224026+00:00", "readingMinutes": 6, "slug": "pyelonephritis-imaging-indications" }