{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Gynecology", "title": "Premenstrual Syndrome", "summary": "Diagnose clinically significant premenstrual syndrome by documenting luteal-phase symptoms, functional impact, and a symptom-free follicular interval. Prospective daily ratings distinguish PMS from premenstrual exacerbation of psychiatric or medical disease and direct treatment toward behavioral strategies, SSRIs, or ovulation suppression.", "seoDescription": "Physician guide to diagnosing and treating premenstrual syndrome, distinguishing PMDD and premenstrual exacerbation with prospective symptom ratings.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians confirm PMS, distinguish PMDD and premenstrual exacerbation, and select treatment based on severity and cycle pattern?", "specialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "premenstrual syndrome", "PMS", "PMDD", "Daily Record of Severity of Problems", "DRSP", "luteal-phase SSRI", "premenstrual exacerbation" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Confirm PMS or PMDD with prospective daily symptom ratings across at least two symptomatic cycles; retrospective cyclic histories frequently miss baseline symptoms outside the luteal phase. [1][19][21][22][24]", "A symptom-free interval is required for a core premenstrual disorder; persistent symptoms with premenstrual worsening suggest premenstrual exacerbation of another psychiatric or medical condition. [1][21][24]", "PMDD requires at least 5 of 11 DSM symptoms, including at least one core affective symptom, plus clinically significant distress or functional impairment. [20][23]", "SSRIs are the best-supported pharmacologic treatment for PMDD and may be given continuously, during the luteal phase, or from symptom onset; intermittent therapy can start 7-14 days before menses and continue through 3 days after menses begins. [12]", "Reserve ovulation suppression strategies, including GnRH agonists, for severe symptoms that do not respond to less invasive management; symptom remission during ovarian suppression supports hormone-sensitivity biology rather than abnormal ovarian steroid concentrations. [6][13][17]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "triage-and-first-visit", "eyebrow": "Initial assessment", "heading": "Identify urgent risk and establish whether symptoms are truly cyclic", "intro": "Do not diagnose PMS from a single retrospective menstrual history.", "paragraphs": [ "Assess suicidality, self-harm, psychosis, mania, intoxication, and interpersonal safety at the first visit. Severe cyclic dysphoria can include suicide attempts or overdose; acute safety risk requires immediate psychiatric and emergency assessment rather than waiting for prospective cycle charting. [19]", "Ask the patient to identify the first symptomatic day, peak day, menses onset, symptom resolution, and the least symptomatic interval for each cycle. PMS and PMDD require recurrent luteal-phase symptoms that remit shortly after menses begins, with at least one symptom-free week; symptoms occurring throughout the cycle do not establish a core premenstrual disorder. [1][20][22]", "Record impairment separately from symptom count: work or school performance, parenting, partner conflict, social withdrawal, and health-care use can establish clinical significance. PMDD requires clinically significant distress or interference with occupational, social, or relationship functioning. [20][23]" ], "bullets": [ "Obtain menstrual regularity, pregnancy possibility, contraceptive use, psychiatric history, current psychotropics, and temporal relation of symptoms to medication changes before assigning a menstrual-cycle diagnosis. [22][24]", "Ask whether depression, anxiety, migraine, breast pain, or other symptoms remain clinically relevant during the follicular phase; persistence favors a coexisting disorder with premenstrual exacerbation rather than isolated PMS or PMDD. [13][24]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Cycle-pattern interpretation for suspected premenstrual symptoms. [1][20][21][24]", "columns": [ "Observed pattern", "Interpretation", "Next action" ], "rows": [ [ "Symptoms confined to luteal phase, resolve shortly after menses starts, and a symptom-free week is documented", "Core premenstrual disorder is supported. [1][20][21]", "Complete prospective ratings for two symptomatic cycles and grade impairment. [19][21][22]" ], [ "Symptoms persist across the cycle but reliably intensify premenstrually", "Premenstrual exacerbation of an underlying psychiatric or medical disorder is more likely. [1][24]", "Diagnose and treat the baseline disorder while charting cycle-related worsening. [24]" ], [ "Retrospective report only, without daily timing or follicular baseline", "Diagnosis remains provisional because recall may emphasize the worst premenstrual days. [24]", "Use a daily prospective instrument before final diagnosis when safety permits. [21][24]" ], [ "Severe mood symptoms with self-harm behavior or imminent safety concern", "Immediate risk overrides diagnostic confirmation. [19][21]", "Arrange urgent psychiatric and emergency evaluation; do not defer intervention for two-cycle charting. [19][21]" ] ] } }, { "id": "prospective-diagnosis", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic confirmation", "heading": "Use daily ratings to distinguish PMS, PMDD, and premenstrual exacerbation", "intro": "Prospective measurement must capture symptoms, severity, timing, and follicular baseline.", "paragraphs": [ "Use the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) or another prospective daily rating instrument for at least two symptomatic menstrual cycles. The DRSP reflects PMDD diagnostic features, captures impairment, and is used extensively in clinical practice and PMDD trials. [19][21][22][24]", "For PMDD, document at least 5 of 11 DSM symptoms during the premenstrual phase, with at least one core affective symptom: depressed mood, anxiety, affective lability, or irritability/anger. Symptoms must remit with the follicular phase and cause clinically significant distress or functional impairment. [20][23]", "PMS is clinically meaningful when repetitive luteal symptoms and impairment are documented but the full PMDD symptom pattern is not met. Do not equate physical symptoms alone with PMDD; diagnosis depends on symptom timing, follicular remission, affective symptom requirements, and impact. [1][20][23]" ], "bullets": [ "Use the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool or its adolescent adaptation as a screening measure, but confirm a diagnostic cycle pattern with prospective daily ratings. [9][21][24]", "If the patient can safely defer treatment, complete two untreated cycles because treatment during the rating period may obscure the baseline pattern. Immediate intervention remains appropriate for life-threatening symptoms. [21]", "Chart ongoing psychiatric symptoms and life stressors alongside menstrual symptoms; the PRISM Calendar can visually integrate cycle timing, symptom severity, stressors, and current therapies. [24]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "What the diary should change", "paragraphs": [ "A low follicular baseline with a reproducible late-luteal rise supports PMS or PMDD and permits luteal-phase or symptom-onset SSRI dosing. A substantial follicular symptom burden changes the treatment target toward the underlying depressive, anxiety, or other chronic disorder, with cycle-related worsening managed as an adjunctive problem. [12][24]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Diagnostic distinctions among common premenstrual presentations. [1][20][23][24]", "columns": [ "Condition", "Required cycle pattern", "Defining discriminator", "Management implication" ], "rows": [ [ "PMS", "Repetitive luteal-phase symptoms with remission after menses and a symptom-free interval. [1]", "Clinically meaningful symptoms and impairment without requiring the PMDD symptom threshold. [1][23]", "Match treatment intensity to impairment after prospective confirmation. [1][13]" ], [ "PMDD", "Luteal-phase symptoms that remit in the follicular phase. [20][23]", "At least 5 of 11 symptoms, including a core affective symptom, with clinically significant distress or impairment. [20][23]", "SSRIs are the treatment with the strongest evidence; continuous and intermittent approaches are options. [12]" ], [ "Premenstrual exacerbation", "Baseline disorder persists throughout the cycle and worsens premenstrually. [24]", "No symptom-free follicular interval. [1][24]", "Treat the underlying disorder rather than using a PMS-only framework. [24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "differential-and-targeted-workup", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic branching", "heading": "Evaluate competing disorders when symptoms are not fully cycle confined", "intro": "Testing is directed by the alternative diagnosis, not by PMS itself.", "paragraphs": [ "PMS and PMDD are diagnoses of exclusion. A focused menstrual, psychiatric, medication, and medical history plus prospective charting is the central diagnostic workup; evaluate depression and anxiety disorders, menstrual migraine, and mastalgia when their symptoms occur beyond the premenstrual interval or have independent clinical features. [1][13][24]", "Do not use circulating estradiol or progesterone concentrations to confirm PMDD. Available evidence indicates normal ovarian steroid concentrations and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function in affected patients; the clinically relevant discriminator is abnormal symptom sensitivity to normal cyclic hormonal change. [6][22]", "When history identifies a noncyclic or progressive condition, order disease-specific testing rather than broad hormonal panels. Examples include pregnancy testing when pregnancy is possible, targeted assessment for a primary depressive or anxiety disorder when symptoms persist during the follicular phase, and focused neurologic or breast evaluation when migraine or mastalgia is not limited to the premenstrual interval. [13][22][24]" ], "bullets": [ "Document current hormonal contraception because combined oral contraceptives may improve premenstrual symptoms and can alter the apparent cycle pattern. [5]", "In adolescents, use developmentally appropriate prospective tools and assess effects on school, family functioning, and emotional well-being; adolescent PMS and PMDD can substantially impair these domains. [9]", "Refer for psychiatric comanagement when diagnostic uncertainty includes major mood or anxiety disease, when self-harm risk is present, or when baseline symptoms remain impairing outside the luteal phase. [19][24]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Targeted alternatives to consider in patients reporting premenstrual symptoms. [13][22][24]", "columns": [ "Clinical clue", "Alternative or coexisting condition", "Decision-changing assessment" ], "rows": [ [ "Depression or anxiety remains present during follicular days", "Depressive or anxiety disorder with premenstrual exacerbation. [13][24]", "Prospectively quantify follicular baseline symptoms and conduct a standard psychiatric assessment. [22][24]" ], [ "Headache follows a menstrual pattern but is the dominant disabling symptom", "Menstrual migraine. [13]", "Use a headache-focused history and diary to establish timing, phenotype, and treatment response. [13]" ], [ "Breast pain is persistent, focal, or independently concerning", "Mastalgia or a breast disorder rather than PMS alone. [13]", "Perform focused breast history and examination; pursue breast-specific evaluation when indicated. [13]" ], [ "Symptoms are severe but timing is uncertain", "Recall bias or an unrecognized chronic disorder. [24]", "Obtain daily ratings for one to two months, including timing, severity, and follicular baseline. [24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "treatment-selection", "eyebrow": "Treatment", "heading": "Choose treatment by severity, symptom timing, contraception needs, and response", "intro": "Use a stepwise approach while continuing prospective symptom and impairment measurement.", "paragraphs": [ "For mild-to-moderate PMS, begin with exercise and behavioral interventions, then reassess against prospectively recorded symptoms and function. Exercise and luteal-phase SSRI therapy have been recommended as first-line approaches in guidance summarized from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. [3]", "For PMDD or severe PMS with predominant affective symptoms and functional impairment, offer an SSRI. SSRIs have the strongest evidence of benefit and improve psychological symptoms, irritability, and functional impairment; their rapid clinical effect permits continuous, luteal-phase, or symptom-duration dosing. [12]", "For planned intermittent dosing, start the SSRI 7-14 days before expected menses and continue for 3 days after menses begins. For irregular cycles or patients unable to predict menses reliably, start on the first day of PMDD symptoms and continue until symptoms improve with menses onset. [12]", "When contraception is desired or an SSRI is not preferred, discuss a combined oral contraceptive, particularly a drospirenone-containing formulation, because combined oral contraceptives may reduce premenstrual symptoms and drospirenone-containing products can improve PMDD. [5] Treatment selection should account for contraceptive eligibility and the patient's prior response to hormonal methods." ], "bullets": [ "Paroxetine extended release may be dosed continuously or intermittently for adult PMDD: start 12.5 mg, increase by 12.5 mg as needed, with a maximum of 50 mg. It is FDA approved for PMDD in adults and is not recommended for adolescents in the cited pediatric review. [12]", "Escitalopram administered in the luteal phase has shown a marked dose-dependent effect in PMDD. [14]", "There is little reported difference in efficacy between continuous and intermittent SSRI dosing; use continuous dosing when symptoms extend beyond the premenstrual window or when a coexisting mood disorder requires ongoing treatment. [12][24]", "Measure response using the same daily instrument used for diagnosis, emphasizing reduced late-luteal severity and improvement in role and relationship impairment rather than symptom presence alone. [21]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Treatment-resistant severe disease", "paragraphs": [ "Consider ovulation suppression only after inadequate response to less invasive management. GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression produces remission in PMDD, and symptoms recur with physiologic estradiol/progesterone addback in susceptible patients; this supports its role as a specialized treatment strategy for refractory disease. [6][13][17]", "Do not move directly to oophorectomy for typical PMS or PMDD. Expert guidance limits the role of oophorectomy, while recommending that ovulation suppression be reserved for patients who do not respond to other treatments. [13]" ], "bullets": [ "Use response to ovarian suppression as a clinically meaningful confirmation that ovulatory hormone fluctuations drive symptoms before considering irreversible interventions. [6][13]", "Involve gynecology and mental health clinicians for refractory disease, particularly when treatment decisions include GnRH agonist therapy or irreversible surgical options. [13][17]" ] } ], "table": { "caption": "Treatment selection for clinically significant PMS and PMDD. [3][5][12][13][14][17]", "columns": [ "Clinical situation", "Preferred next step", "Timing or dose supported by cited literature", "Key tradeoff" ], "rows": [ [ "Mild-to-moderate PMS after prospective confirmation", "Exercise and behavioral intervention. [3]", "Monitor by daily symptom and impairment ratings across subsequent cycles. [21]", "Lower treatment burden but may be insufficient for severe affective impairment. [3][13]" ], [ "PMDD or severe affective PMS", "SSRI. [12][13]", "Continuous, luteal-phase, or symptom-duration dosing; luteal dosing begins 7-14 days before menses and continues for 3 days after menses begins. [12]", "Intermittent dosing depends on predictable timing or reliable symptom recognition. [12]" ], [ "Adult choosing paroxetine ER", "Paroxetine ER. [12]", "Start 12.5 mg; increase by 12.5 mg; maximum 50 mg; continuous or intermittent administration. [12]", "FDA approved for adult PMDD; cited review does not recommend it for adolescents. [12]" ], [ "PMDD with desire for contraception", "Combined oral contraceptive; consider drospirenone-containing formulation. [5]", "No regimen dose or schedule is specified in the cited source. [5]", "Select according to contraceptive eligibility and prior hormonal tolerance." ], [ "Severe symptoms refractory to other approaches", "Specialist-directed ovulation suppression with a GnRH agonist. [6][13][17]", "Use only after failure of other treatments. [13]", "Greater treatment burden; reserve irreversible surgery for exceptional circumstances. [13]" ] ] } }, { "id": "monitoring-and-escalation", "eyebrow": "Follow-up", "heading": "Monitor function and timing, then escalate when the diagnosis or treatment response changes", "intro": "Follow-up should test both treatment effect and diagnostic accuracy.", "paragraphs": [ "At each follow-up, review daily ratings for late-luteal symptom reduction, return of a low follicular baseline, and improvement in work, school, parenting, social, or relationship function. The DRSP includes impairment assessment and is appropriate for tracking response as well as establishing the initial diagnosis. [21]", "If an intervention improves luteal symptoms but clinically important symptoms remain during the follicular phase, reassess for a coexisting depressive, anxiety, migraine, breast-pain, or other condition rather than escalating PMS-specific treatment alone. [13][24]", "Escalate to gynecology or psychiatry for refractory severe symptoms, diagnostic uncertainty, substantial baseline psychiatric disease, safety concerns, or consideration of ovarian suppression. Life-threatening symptoms warrant immediate action rather than completion of a diagnostic diary. [19][21][13]" ], "bullets": [ "Reconfirm the menstrual relationship whenever cycle regularity changes, hormonal contraception is initiated or stopped, or a new psychotropic agent is started. [5][22][24]", "For intermittent SSRI plans, verify that the patient can identify either the expected menses date or first symptom day; otherwise, continuous dosing may be operationally more reliable. [12]", "Avoid interpreting treatment response as diagnostic proof without confirming the underlying cycle pattern, because chronic disorders can also fluctuate premenstrually. [24]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Response-based follow-up decisions. [12][13][21][24]", "columns": [ "Follow-up finding", "Interpretation", "Next decision" ], "rows": [ [ "Reduced late-luteal symptoms and improved functioning with preserved symptom-free interval", "Treatment response in a confirmed core premenstrual disorder. [21]", "Continue the effective strategy and maintain prospective monitoring. [21]" ], [ "Persistent follicular depression or anxiety despite lower premenstrual peak", "Possible coexisting chronic mood or anxiety disorder. [24]", "Perform psychiatric reassessment and treat the baseline disorder. [24]" ], [ "No improvement after appropriately timed intermittent SSRI", "Inadequate response, mistimed treatment, or an alternative diagnosis. [12][24]", "Verify diary pattern and dosing timing; consider continuous SSRI, contraception-directed therapy, or specialist referral. [5][12][13]" ], [ "Persistent severe impairment after first-line therapies", "Refractory disease requiring higher-intensity management. [13]", "Refer for consideration of ovulation suppression; do not default to oophorectomy. [13][17]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/419", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDY SYNOPSIS .. ...", "detail": "ebm.bmj.com", "url": "https://ebm.bmj.com/content/ebmed/early/2025/03/05/bmjebm-2024-112875/DC2/embed/inline-supplementary-material-2.pdf?download=true", "authors": "ebm.bmj.com", "host": "ebm.bmj.com" }, { "number": 3, "title": "Recording and treatment of premenstrual syndrome in UK ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/3/e010244", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Management of premenstrual syndrome | BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health", "detail": "srh.bmj.com", "url": "https://srh.bmj.com/content/35/3/187.full.pdf", "authors": "srh.bmj.com", "host": "srh.bmj.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Contraception | Annals of Internal Medicine", "detail": "www.acpjournals.org", "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/AITC202308150", "authors": "www.acpjournals.org", "host": "www.acpjournals.org" }, { "number": 6, "title": "The steroid metabolome in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder during GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression: effects of estradiol and progesterone addback | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2017146", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "Patients with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder have ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/1301599", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Reproductive healthcare in adolescents with autism and ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0002937824000139", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "Premenstrual Disorders in Adolescents: An Updated Review", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083318826004171", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Diagnosing and treating premenstrual syndrome in five ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027795360900046X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 11, "title": "The biomedical standardization of premenstrual syndrome", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369848607000945", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Evaluation and management of premenstrual... : Current Opinion in Pediatrics", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001563", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric... : Obstetrics & Gynecology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/01.aog.0000140686.66212.1e~premenstrual-syndrome-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-and", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 14, "title": "Management of Premenstrual Syndrome", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.14260", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "Management of Premenstrual Syndrome - 2017 - BJOG", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.14260?ref=immunoloco.com", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 16, "title": "Current status and problems in the diagnosis and treatment of ...", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jog.15618", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 17, "title": "Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with gonadotropin‐ ...", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1600-0412.1999.781011.x", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 18, "title": "Premenstrual Mood Disorders : Postgraduate Obstetrics & ...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/postgradobgyn/fulltext/2014/03310/premenstrual_mood_disorders__an_overview_and.1.aspx?Ppt=Article%7Cpostgradobgyn%3A2014%3A03310%3A00001%7C10.1097%2F01.pgo.0000444555.52721.75%7C", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 19, "title": "Navigating Unique Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Case Report", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11281859", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 20, "title": "Emotion regulation in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Premenstrual Syndrome: a systematic review", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12642270", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 21, "title": "Towards a consensus on diagnostic criteria, measurement ...", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4134928", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 22, "title": "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532307", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 23, "title": "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and ... - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2440788", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 24, "title": "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (Formerly ... - NCBI", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279045", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/419", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "snippet": "​ For a diagnosis of PMS/PMDD, symptoms must not be present at other times through the cycle, must cause significant impairment, must not represent an exacerbation of another disorder, and at least one symptom-free week must be evident.(#referencePop1)American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and", "score": 0.6565047 }, { "number": 2, "title": "TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDY SYNOPSIS .. ...", "detail": "ebm.bmj.com", "url": "https://ebm.bmj.com/content/ebmed/early/2025/03/05/bmjebm-2024-112875/DC2/embed/inline-supplementary-material-2.pdf?download=true", "authors": "ebm.bmj.com", "host": "ebm.bmj.com", "snippet": "Mar 5, 2025 — severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Women Health 2016:1-. 18. [42] Kalmbach DA, Kingsberg SA, Ciesla JA. How ...Read more", "score": 0.28179872 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Recording and treatment of premenstrual syndrome in UK ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/3/e010244", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "by CJ Sammon · 2016 · Cited by 50 — The RCOG guidelines suggest the use of exercise, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) only during the luteal phase) as first-line treatment", "score": 0.26485884 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Management of premenstrual syndrome | BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health", "detail": "srh.bmj.com", "url": "https://srh.bmj.com/content/35/3/187.full.pdf", "authors": "srh.bmj.com", "host": "srh.bmj.com", "snippet": "BMJ Journals\n\nBMJ Journals\n\n### Log in using your username and password\n\nBMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health\n\n## \n\n## \n\n## Main menu\n\n### Log in using your username and password\n\n## You are here\n\nArticle Text\n\nDownload PDFPDF\nLoading\n\n## Statistics from Altmetric.com\n\n## Request Permissions\n\nIf you wis", "score": 0.21561526 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Contraception | Annals of Internal Medicine", "detail": "www.acpjournals.org", "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/AITC202308150", "authors": "www.acpjournals.org", "host": "www.acpjournals.org", "snippet": "COCs may also help reduce premenstrual symptoms. Drospirenone-containing and other COCs can improve premenstrual dysphoric disorder (38, 40).", "score": 0.19319338 }, { "number": 6, "title": "The steroid metabolome in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder during GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression: effects of estradiol and progesterone addback | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2017146", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a clinically distinct affective disorder characterized by recurrent and distressing mood and behavioral symptoms during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that remit within a few days from the onset of menses.1, 2, 3 Levels of circulating ovarian steroi", "score": 0.33509022 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Patients with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder have ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/1301599", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "by K Kask · 2008 · Cited by 72 — Patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) experience their most intense symptoms during the late luteal phase.", "score": 0.26504067 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Reproductive healthcare in adolescents with autism and ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0002937824000139", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by JL Ames · 2024 · Cited by 26 — Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Pediatr Adolesc ... Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: a Systematic Review. Rev", "score": 0.5183761 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Premenstrual Disorders in Adolescents: An Updated Review", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083318826004171", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Under a Creative Commons license\n\nOpen access\n\n## Abstract\n\nPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are prevalent among adolescents and young adults worldwide and can substantially impair emotional well-being, daily functioning, and family life. This review summarizes ", "score": 0.5078369 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Diagnosing and treating premenstrual syndrome in five ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027795360900046X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by G Weisz · 2009 · Cited by 109 — Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) are controversial medical diagnoses. PMDD is a more standardized and precisely defined diagnosis than PMS,", "score": 0.45217365 }, { "number": 11, "title": "The biomedical standardization of premenstrual syndrome", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369848607000945", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by L Knaapen · 2008 · Cited by 52 — This essay traces the history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in French, British, and American medical literature from 1950 to 2004.", "score": 0.1779683 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Evaluation and management of premenstrual... : Current Opinion in Pediatrics", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001563", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Evidence indicates little difference in efficacy between continuous and intermittent SSRI dosing in the treatment of PMDD, which deviates from the traditional understanding of how SSRIs treat mood disorders . One study showed that the serotonin binding capacity in the mid-brain is elevated during th", "score": 0.5874941 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric... : Obstetrics & Gynecology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/01.aog.0000140686.66212.1e~premenstrual-syndrome-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-and", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "part of the diagnostic evaluation of severe symptoms is presented. The differential diagnosis of cyclic symptoms, including depression and anxiety disorders, menstrual migraine, and mastalgia, and an approach for the management of each of these problems are presented. A treatment approach is recomme", "score": 0.5360463 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Management of Premenstrual Syndrome", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.14260", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by GG No · 2017 · Cited by 1 — Escitalopram administered in the luteal phase exerts a marked and dose-dependent effect in premenstrual dysphoric disorder.", "score": 0.4874788 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Management of Premenstrual Syndrome - 2017 - BJOG", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.14260?ref=immunoloco.com", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Nov 30, 2016 — Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with a new drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive formulation. Contraception 2005; 72: 414–21.Read more", "score": 0.43496582 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Current status and problems in the diagnosis and treatment of ...", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jog.15618", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by K Yoshimi · 2023 · Cited by 26 — Aim. To investigate the current status and problems in the diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric ...Read more", "score": 0.2932987 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with gonadotropin‐ ...", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1600-0412.1999.781011.x", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by I Sundström · 1999 · Cited by 118 — Premenstrual irritability and depression were significantly relieved by low dose GnRH agonist. Positive symptoms such as friendliness and cheerfulness. GnRH", "score": 0.29278278 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Premenstrual Mood Disorders : Postgraduate Obstetrics & ...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/postgradobgyn/fulltext/2014/03310/premenstrual_mood_disorders__an_overview_and.1.aspx?Ppt=Article%7Cpostgradobgyn%3A2014%3A03310%3A00001%7C10.1097%2F01.pgo.0000444555.52721.75%7C", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Symptoms of PMS include weight gain, bloating, and emotional tension. Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) was developed as a separate diagnostic", "score": 0.24207613 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Navigating Unique Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Case Report", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11281859", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Our patient fulfilled the PMDD criteria of having at least 5 out of 11 stipulated symptoms identified in the DSM-5, one of which must include mood, behavioral, or physical symptoms with substantial stress or functional impairment. Confirming symptoms by prospective patient mood charting for at least", "score": 0.8655088 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Emotion regulation in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Premenstrual Syndrome: a systematic review", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12642270", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "PMDD was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition; DSM-5) as a recognised mood disorder in 2013 to reflect the most severe end of the PMS continuum. To meet DSM-5 criteria for PMDD, individuals must experience five or more of eleven listed symptoms during the", "score": 0.7559439 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Towards a consensus on diagnostic criteria, measurement ...", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4134928", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "most of the licenced treatments for PMDD in the US have used the DRSP in the relevant studies. The descriptive terms in the DRSP directly reflect PMDD. The criteria are also extensively used in research and clinical practice for all premenstrual disorders. The group acknowledged that several other v", "score": 0.7336813 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532307", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are common cyclic disorders characterized by mood, behavioral, and physical symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and may substantially impair quality of life, daily functioning, and work productivity", "score": 0.7156829 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and ... - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2440788", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "About 80% of women report at least mild premenstrual symptoms, 20%–50% report moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms, and about 5% report severe symptoms for several days with impairment of functioning.1 The 5% of women with the severest premenstrual symptoms and impairment of social and role func", "score": 0.67988104 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (Formerly ... - NCBI", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279045", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "One example of such a calendar record, the PRISM Calendar (Prospective Record of the Impact and Severity of Menstrual symptoms) (Figure 3) (9) allows rapid visual confirmation of the nature, timing, and severity of menstrual cycle-related symptomatology and at the same time provides information on l", "score": 0.6407488 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T17:59:31.599492+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T17:59:31.599492+00:00", "readingMinutes": 7, "slug": "premenstrual-syndrome" }