{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Endocrinology",
  "title": "Postpartum Thyroiditis",
  "summary": "Evaluate new postpartum thyroid dysfunction with TSH and free T4, distinguish destructive thyroiditis from Graves disease before prescribing antithyroid drugs, treat symptoms selectively, and reassess hypothyroidism for recovery while planning long-term surveillance and future-pregnancy monitoring.",
  "seoDescription": "Point-of-care diagnosis, Graves differentiation, symptom treatment, levothyroxine reassessment, and surveillance for postpartum thyroiditis.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians diagnose, distinguish, treat, and monitor postpartum thyroiditis within the first postpartum year?",
  "specialty": "Endocrinology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "postpartum thyroiditis",
    "postpartum thyrotoxicosis",
    "postpartum Graves disease",
    "TPO antibodies",
    "TRAb",
    "postpartum hypothyroidism",
    "levothyroxine"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Check TSH with free T4 in symptomatic postpartum patients and in high-risk patients—including those with TPO antibodies, prior postpartum thyroiditis, or type 1 diabetes—at 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. [24]",
    "A suppressed TSH with elevated or high-normal free T4/free T3 can represent destructive postpartum thyroiditis or postpartum Graves disease; obtain TRAb when Graves disease is clinically plausible or the diagnosis will alter treatment. [10][24]",
    "Do not use antithyroid drugs or radioiodine for the thyrotoxic phase of postpartum thyroiditis; use a short beta-blocker course only for clinically important adrenergic symptoms. [14]",
    "Postpartum thyroiditis often resolves, but persistent hypothyroidism is clinically important: reported long-term treatment requirements range from 10% to 20%, with one prospective cohort reporting 54% persistent hypothyroidism at 1 year. [11]",
    "Measure TSH annually after recovery, particularly during the 5 to 10 years following postpartum thyroiditis, and anticipate substantial recurrence risk in a subsequent pregnancy. [14][18]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "when-to-test",
      "eyebrow": "Case Finding",
      "heading": "Who needs thyroid testing after delivery",
      "intro": "Target testing to postpartum patients in whom results change immediate treatment or longitudinal surveillance.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Postpartum thyroiditis is destructive autoimmune thyroid dysfunction occurring within 1 year after delivery in a patient previously euthyroid and without known Graves disease or toxic nodules. Obtain serum TSH and free T4 for postpartum hyperthyroid or hypothyroid symptoms, postpartum depression, or lactation difficulty; high-risk patients should also have TSH checked at 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. [24]",
        "Prioritize proactive testing in patients with TPO antibodies, a history of postpartum thyroiditis, or type 1 diabetes mellitus. TPO antibodies are the principal clinical predictor of postpartum thyroiditis, and TPO antibody positivity predicts increased risk of postpartum thyroiditis; however, routine thyroid-autoantibody screening in pregnancy remains controversial and is not recommended by the Endocrine Society. [2][16][24]",
        "Use TPO antibody testing to support autoimmune thyroiditis and to identify higher-risk follow-up needs, not as the sole explanation for postpartum thyrotoxicosis. TPO antibodies are elevated in approximately 60% to 85% of postpartum thyroiditis cases, but thyroid antibody specificity is limited when evaluating postpartum thyrotoxicosis because Graves disease and other thyroid disorders may first manifest after delivery. [12][24]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Order at presentation: TSH and free T4; add free or total T3 when thyrotoxicosis is suspected and Graves disease is in the differential. [10][24]",
        "Order TRAb when postpartum Graves disease is possible, especially with a later postpartum onset, goiter, bruit, orbitopathy, or a biochemical pattern suggesting increased hormone synthesis. [10][13][24]",
        "Do not attribute persistent postpartum mood symptoms to thyroid disease without biochemical confirmation; test TSH when postpartum depression coexists with thyroid-risk factors or thyroid symptoms. [16][24]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Testing priorities in postpartum thyroid dysfunction. [10][16][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical setting",
          "Tests now",
          "Result that changes next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism within 1 year postpartum",
            "TSH and free T4; add T3 when hyperthyroidism is suspected. [10][24]",
            "Suppressed TSH with high or high-normal free T4/T3 identifies the thyrotoxic phase; elevated TSH with low free T4 identifies hypothyroidism and prompts replacement-versus-observation decisions. [24]"
          ],
          [
            "TPO antibody positivity, type 1 diabetes, or prior postpartum thyroiditis",
            "TSH at 6-12 weeks postpartum. [24]",
            "An abnormal result identifies postpartum dysfunction early and establishes the need for phase-specific follow-up. [24]"
          ],
          [
            "Thyrotoxicosis with suspected Graves disease",
            "TRAb; assess for goiter, bruit, and orbitopathy. [10][13][24]",
            "Positive or higher TRAb with Graves features supports Graves-directed management rather than treatment as destructive thyroiditis. [10][13]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "differentiate-postpartum-thyrotoxicosis",
      "eyebrow": "Diagnostic Branch Point",
      "heading": "Differentiate destructive thyroiditis from postpartum Graves disease",
      "intro": "The critical management error is treating hormone leakage as increased hormone synthesis.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Postpartum thyroiditis commonly follows a biphasic course of transient thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism, although isolated hypothyroid and isolated thyrotoxic presentations are frequent. In reported series, approximately 44% to 48% had isolated hypothyroidism, approximately 30% isolated thyrotoxicosis, and only about 20% the classic biphasic presentation. [11][24]",
        "Time course and examination provide the initial separation. Destructive postpartum thyroiditis typically produces thyrotoxicosis at 1 to 6 months postpartum, followed by hypothyroidism and recovery by 9 to 12 months; postpartum Graves disease more often emerges 3 to 12 months after delivery and is associated with pronounced goiter, thyroid bruit, and Graves orbitopathy. [13]",
        "Obtain TRAb when clinical findings or timing do not clearly establish the diagnosis. TRAb testing is specifically useful to confirm Graves disease when radioactive iodine uptake cannot be performed; higher TRAb levels and a relatively high T3:T4 ratio favor Graves disease over destructive thyroiditis. [10][13] In a breastfeeding patient, avoid radioactive scintigraphy because of breast radiation exposure and interruption of breastfeeding; serial thyroid function profiles showing progressive free T4 and T3 decline support resolving destructive thyroiditis. [12][13]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Destructive postpartum thyroiditis: suppressed TSH with elevated or high-normal free T4/free T3, then subsequent hypothyroidism; manage adrenergic symptoms but do not prescribe antithyroid drugs. [14][24]",
        "Postpartum Graves disease: later onset, diffuse goiter, bruit, orbitopathy, higher TRAb, and relatively higher T3:T4 ratio; manage as Graves disease rather than as transient thyroiditis. [10][13]",
        "Unclear diagnosis during lactation: use TRAb, examination, and serial TSH/free T4/T3 rather than radioactive uptake imaging. [10][12][13]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Actionable differentiation of postpartum thyrotoxicosis. [10][12][13][14][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Feature",
          "Destructive postpartum thyroiditis",
          "Postpartum Graves disease",
          "Management implication"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Typical onset",
            "1-6 months postpartum. [13]",
            "3-12 months postpartum. [13]",
            "Later onset increases the need for TRAb testing and Graves-focused assessment. [13]"
          ],
          [
            "Physical examination",
            "No Graves-specific examination pattern described. [13]",
            "Pronounced goiter, thyroid bruit, or orbitopathy may be present. [13]",
            "Graves features should prevent empiric classification as thyroiditis. [13]"
          ],
          [
            "Serology and hormone pattern",
            "TPO antibodies are common but are not fully specific; progressive T4/T3 decline over time supports resolution. [12][24]",
            "TRAb may be present and higher; T3:T4 ratio is relatively high. [10][13]",
            "Use TRAb when the distinction changes whether antithyroid therapy is considered. [10][13]"
          ],
          [
            "Radionuclide uptake testing during breastfeeding",
            "Avoid scintigraphy. [13]",
            "Avoid scintigraphy. [13]",
            "Use clinical findings, TRAb, and serial biochemical testing instead. [10][12][13]"
          ],
          [
            "Therapy for thyrotoxicosis",
            "Short-course beta-blocker for symptoms; no antithyroid drug or radioiodine. [14]",
            "Requires Graves-directed treatment planning. [13]",
            "Do not use antithyroid drugs for destructive hormone release. [14]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "treat-by-phase",
      "eyebrow": "Management",
      "heading": "Treat the active phase and avoid unnecessary therapy",
      "intro": "Management depends on whether the patient has symptomatic thyrotoxicosis, clinically consequential hypothyroidism, or Graves disease.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For thyrotoxic postpartum thyroiditis, use a short beta-blocker course only when palpitations, tremor, or other adrenergic symptoms require relief. Propranolol 60 to 120 mg daily as a long-acting preparation or atenolol 25 to 100 mg daily are described options; during breastfeeding, propranolol is preferred because its high protein binding limits concentration in breast milk, whereas atenolol should not be used. [12][14] Titrate symptom treatment to clinical response and discontinue as the thyrotoxic phase resolves.",
        "Antithyroid drugs have no role in destructive postpartum thyroiditis because the biochemical thyrotoxicosis results from inflammatory release of preformed hormone rather than increased thyroid hormone synthesis. Radioiodine likewise has no role in treating this phase. [14] Reconsider the diagnosis rather than escalating beta-blockade if free T4/T3 remain elevated, symptoms progress, or Graves features emerge.",
        "When hypothyroidism develops after delivery, prescribe levothyroxine when severity warrants replacement; milder cases can be followed with repeat thyroid function testing to determine whether they resolve or progress. [12] Levothyroxine started as a temporizing measure should later be stopped or tapered with biochemical reassessment to determine whether endogenous thyroid function has recovered. [12][14] Do not stop thyroid hormone in a patient who is pregnant, attempting conception, or breastfeeding. [14]",
        "Persistently abnormal thyroid function after a trial off levothyroxine supports permanent hypothyroidism and ongoing replacement. Very high initial TSH values, especially greater than 50 to 100 mU/L, and high antibody titers identify patients in whom indefinite thyroid hormone therapy is favored. [14] Allow for delayed TSH normalization—up to 6 months after marked or prolonged hypothyroidism—when interpreting dose-adjustment response. [13]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use propranolol preferentially for symptomatic thyrotoxicosis during breastfeeding; avoid atenolol in breastfeeding patients. [14]",
        "Do not prescribe methimazole, propylthiouracil, or radioiodine for established postpartum thyroiditis. [14]",
        "If levothyroxine is withdrawn and thyroid testing is normal after 6 weeks, reassess again in another 6 weeks; continue therapy if thyroid function remains abnormal. [14]",
        "Continue levothyroxine rather than performing a withdrawal trial during pregnancy attempts, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. [14]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Phase-specific management of postpartum thyroiditis. [12][13][14]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical phase",
          "Immediate action",
          "Avoid",
          "Reassessment trigger"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Symptomatic thyrotoxic phase",
            "Short-course beta-blocker; propranolol is preferred during breastfeeding. [14]",
            "Antithyroid drugs and radioiodine. [14]",
            "Rising or persistent thyroid hormone concentrations, worsening symptoms, or Graves findings should prompt diagnostic reassessment. [12][13]"
          ],
          [
            "Mild hypothyroid phase",
            "Repeat thyroid function testing to establish recovery versus progression. [12]",
            "Assuming permanence from a single early hypothyroid result. [12]",
            "Progression to clinically significant hypothyroidism warrants levothyroxine. [12]"
          ],
          [
            "Hypothyroidism requiring replacement",
            "Start levothyroxine and later taper or stop with thyroid-function reassessment when clinically appropriate. [12][14]",
            "Withdrawal during pregnancy, conception attempts, or breastfeeding. [14]",
            "Abnormal tests after withdrawal support continued therapy; very high initial TSH or high antibody titers favor indefinite treatment. [14]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "long-term-follow-up",
      "eyebrow": "Prognosis",
      "heading": "Plan surveillance after apparent recovery",
      "intro": "Resolution of the postpartum episode does not eliminate subsequent thyroid risk.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Counsel patients that postpartum thyroiditis is frequently transient but is not uniformly self-limited. Most studies report that 10% to 20% ultimately require long-term thyroid treatment, whereas one prospective study of 169 affected women found persistent hypothyroidism in 54% at 1 year. Higher TSH, high TPO antibody titers, multiparity, older age, and miscarriage history identify greater risk for persistent hypothyroidism. [11]",
        "After biochemical recovery, measure TSH annually, with particular attention during the 5 to 10 years after the initial episode. [14] Earlier testing is appropriate with recurrent symptoms, pregnancy planning, or a new pregnancy because thyroid dysfunction may recur or unmask permanent autoimmune hypothyroidism.",
        "Document postpartum thyroiditis prominently in the obstetric and primary-care record. Recurrence after recovery occurs in approximately 70% of subsequent pregnancies, supporting planned thyroid surveillance rather than symptom-only follow-up. [18] Monitor thyroid function during the postpartum period for both recurrent postpartum thyroiditis and resurgence of Graves disease in patients with a prior Graves history. [1]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Annual TSH after recovery is the minimum longitudinal surveillance strategy. [14]",
        "Risk features for persistent hypothyroidism include high initial TSH, high TPO antibody titers, older age, multiparity, and miscarriage history. [11]",
        "For a future pregnancy, arrange postpartum thyroid testing rather than waiting for overt symptoms because recurrence is reported in about 70% of patients with prior postpartum thyroiditis. [18]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Long-term follow-up actions after postpartum thyroiditis. [1][11][14][18]",
        "columns": [
          "Situation",
          "Action",
          "Reason"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Apparent recovery after postpartum thyroiditis",
            "Measure TSH annually, particularly through the next 5-10 years. [14]",
            "Persistent or later autoimmune hypothyroidism can occur after the initial episode. [11][14]"
          ],
          [
            "Very high initial TSH or high TPO antibody titer",
            "Use a cautious levothyroxine withdrawal strategy and have a low threshold for long-term replacement. [14]",
            "These features identify increased risk of persistent hypothyroidism. [11][14]"
          ],
          [
            "Subsequent pregnancy",
            "Plan postpartum thyroid surveillance. [18]",
            "Recurrence after recovery is reported in approximately 70% of subsequent pregnancies. [18]"
          ],
          [
            "Prior Graves disease",
            "Monitor thyroid function postpartum for Graves resurgence as well as postpartum thyroiditis. [1]",
            "Both conditions may recur or emerge in the postpartum period. [1]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Elsevier logo\nBest Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism\n\n## Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism\n\n## Published by: Elsevier\n\n### Published by\n\nElsevier\n\n# 12 Postpartum thyroiditis\n\n## Article preview\n\n## Abstract\n\n## Keywords\n\n## Organizational access\n\n###",
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    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Management of Thyroid Dysfunction during Pregnancy and ...",
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      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/8/2543/2823170",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
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      "snippet": "AbstractObjective:. The aim was to update the guidelines for the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum published previously in.",
      "score": 0.40627348
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    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Management of Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy - Chan - 2025 - BJOG",
      "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.18088",
      "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "There remains controversy regarding testing for and management of thyroid disorders before conception, during pregnancy and postpartum. This",
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    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests : Current Medical Issues",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/cmii/fulltext/2018/16020/interpretation_of_thyroid_function_tests.2.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Several antibodies against thyroid antigens have been described. These are the antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody, and the TSH receptor antibodies. Anti-TPO measurements should be considered while evaluating patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Anti-TPO testi",
      "score": 0.6426349
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    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Thyroid Disease - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/thyroid-disease",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for pregnant and nonpregnant women with overt hypothyroidism. Treatment should be initiated at an oral dose of 100 to 150 μg daily. TSH levels should be measured serially every 4 weeks, and the dose of levothyroxine adjusted to maintain TSH levels within trim",
      "score": 0.5596998
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/thyroid-peroxidase-antibody",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "The diagnosis of postpartum thyroiditis presenting with thyrotoxicosis may be complicated by the fact that (a) the specificity of elevated antithyroid antibodies may be limited in this setting, (b) other endogenous disorders associated with thyrotoxicosis may also first become apparent after deliver",
      "score": 0.5501488
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    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Management of hyperthyroidism in adults in India",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/trap/_layouts/15/oaks.journals/downloadpdf.aspx?an=01235582-202601000-00001",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "In women developing thyrotoxicosis in the postpartum period, there is a need to distinguish postpartum destructive thyroiditis and postpartum GD. Postpartum thyroiditis follows the triphasic course: Thyrotoxicosis emerging at 1–6 months postpartum, followed by hypothyroidism and euthyroidism at 9–12",
      "score": 0.474023
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Bangladesh Endocrine Society Recommendations for... - Ovid",
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      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/bjem/fulltext/9900/bangladesh_endocrine_society_recommendations_for.68.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "atenolol or metoprolol daily until their serum T3 and serum FT4 concentrations are normal. During breastfeeding, propranolol is preferred because, due to high plasma protein binding, it is not concentrated in breast milk as much as other beta blockers, such as atenolol. Atenolol is not used during b",
      "score": 0.4547875
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    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Postpartum Depression: An Overview of Reviews and... - Ovid",
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      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Breastfeeding is not a contraindication for the use of antidepressants. treated PPD can have a grievous impact on mother, child, and mother–child interaction.",
      "score": 0.31640145
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      "number": 16,
      "title": "Thyroid Autoantibodies in Pregnancy: Their Role, Regulation and Clinical Relevance - Balucan - 2013 - Journal of Thyroid Research - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2013/182472",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "### 5.6. Postpartum Autoimmune Thyroiditis\n\nThe ATA Guidelines have defined postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) as the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in the first postpartum year in women who were euthyroid prior to pregnancy . postpartum thyroid dysfunction is a more encompassing term which defines thy",
      "score": 0.585789
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    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Symptoms and Signs Associated with Postpartum Thyroiditis - 2014",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2014/531969",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Background. Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is a common triphasic autoimmune disease in women with thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies.",
      "score": 0.5066652
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Good clinical practice advice: Thyroid and pregnancy - - 2019",
      "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijgo.12745",
      "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Feb 1, 2019 — There is a 70% recurrence rate of postpartum thyroiditis in subsequent pregnancies amongst individuals who recover.48",
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    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Postpartum Thyroiditis – American Thyroid Association",
      "detail": "www.thyroid.org",
      "url": "https://www.thyroid.org/category/postpartum-thyroiditis/feed",
      "authors": "www.thyroid.org",
      "host": "www.thyroid.org",
      "snippet": "Title: Postpartum Thyroiditis – American Thyroid Association\nPostpartum Thyroiditis – American Thyroid Association https://www.thyroid.org Thyroid Cancer, Hyperthyroid, Hypothyroid, Thyroiditis, Thyroid Clinical Trials, Thyroid Patient Health Information Mon, 01 Jun 2026 15:37:23 +0000 en-US  hourly",
      "score": 0.8286204
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    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "[PDF] Clinical Thyroidology for the Public Volume 10 Issue 5 May 2017",
      "detail": "www.thyroid.org",
      "url": "https://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ctfp/ct_public_v105.pdf",
      "authors": "www.thyroid.org",
      "host": "www.thyroid.org",
      "snippet": "Alexander, Pearce, et al., 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457 HYPOTHYROIDISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnanc",
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    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948378",
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      "snippet": "Title: Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline - PubMed\nAn official website of the United States government. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. official website and that any information you provide is enc",
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      "number": 22,
      "title": "American Thyroid Association",
      "detail": "www.thyroid.org",
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      "authors": "www.thyroid.org",
      "host": "www.thyroid.org",
      "snippet": "American Thyroid AssociationThyroid Association Annual Meeting 2026 - November 4 - 7\nATA Alliance for Thyroid Patient Education: Online Health Forum September 19, 2026\nAmerican Thyroid Association 2026 Guidelines for Thyroid Disease in Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum\nSeptember is Thyroid Ca",
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    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy - American Thyroid Association",
      "detail": "www.thyroid.org",
      "url": "https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism-in-pregnancy",
      "authors": "www.thyroid.org",
      "host": "www.thyroid.org",
      "snippet": "### Pediatric Thyroid Information\n\n#### PDF DownloadsPrintable Brochures\n\nPDF Downloads\n\nHypothyroidism in Pregnancy Brochure PDF\n\nHypothyroidism in Pregnancy FAQ PDF\n\nHipotiroidismo Durante el Embarazo\n\n#### Articles\n\n### New Thyroid Stimulating Podcast: Guideline Update: Thyroid Disease in Preconc",
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    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Postpartum Thyroiditis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=698c56b3e17eea38f160076f",
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      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Title: Postpartum Thyroiditis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf\nPostpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is a destructive autoimmune thyroiditis that presents within 1 year after delivery and most often follows a biphasic course consisting of transient thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism. Participants of this",
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  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-16T00:33:39.924487+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-16T00:33:39.924487+00:00",
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  "slug": "postpartum-thyroiditis"
}