{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Neurocritical Care", "title": "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome", "summary": "Recognize PRES as an acute clinicoradiologic syndrome requiring urgent MRI confirmation, blood-pressure and seizure control, and rapid reversal of hypertension, eclampsia, renal dysfunction, or drug-related endothelial injury.", "seoDescription": "Point-of-care approach to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, including MRI diagnosis, precipitant-directed management, and prognostic risks.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians confirm, stabilize, identify precipitants, and monitor posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome?", "specialty": "Neurology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "PRES", "posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome", "hypertensive encephalopathy", "eclampsia", "vasogenic edema", "seizures", "MRI FLAIR" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Treat suspected PRES as an acute neurologic emergency: obtain brain MRI and simultaneously identify hypertension, pregnancy-related hypertensive disease, renal failure, autoimmune activity, sepsis, and cytotoxic or immunosuppressive exposure. [2][23]", "MRI demonstrating vasogenic edema, commonly posterior subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensity, supports the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting; symptoms and lesion distribution can be heterogeneous. [2][23]", "Seizures, visual disturbance, headache, encephalopathy, and focal deficits may occur alone or in combination; do not exclude PRES because the presentation is incomplete. [2]", "Management is precipitant-directed: correct blood-pressure abnormalities, treat seizures, and reassess potentially causal antineoplastic or immunosuppressive therapies. [2][6][23]", "“Reversible” is not assured: reported mortality is 10% to 19%, and persistent neurologic deficits or residual imaging lesions occur in up to 40% to 44% of patients. [23]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "recognize-and-stabilize", "eyebrow": "Emergency action", "heading": "When to suspect PRES and what to do first", "intro": "Act before imaging is complete when the clinical context and neurologic syndrome are compatible.", "paragraphs": [ "Suspect PRES in acute or subacute headache, seizures, visual loss or other visual disturbance, altered mental status, nausea, or focal weakness, sensory loss, or speech disturbance occurring with acute blood-pressure change, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, renal dysfunction, autoimmune disease, sepsis, or exposure to cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy. Symptoms may evolve during the acute phase and may be isolated rather than forming the classic syndrome. [2][23]", "Prioritize airway protection and critical-care monitoring for impaired consciousness or recurrent seizures; obtain frequent blood-pressure measurements and a focused medication review at presentation. A recorded blood pressure above 180/110 to 120 mm Hg, or persistently above treatment targets, has been used to define uncontrolled hypertension in a PRES case series, but PRES also occurs in nonhypertensive endothelial-injury states. [7][2][23]", "Do not let the syndrome name imply a benign course. PRES may be associated with petechial hemorrhage on MRI, substantial residual neurologic injury, and death; persistent deficits or residual radiologic lesions have been reported in up to 40% to 44% of patients. [2][23]" ], "bullets": [ "Escalate immediately to ICU-level care for depressed consciousness, recurrent or prolonged seizures, rapidly changing blood pressure, or suspected eclampsia. [2][10][23]", "In pregnancy or the postpartum period, treat new seizures with hypertensive disease as eclampsia-related until an alternative neurologic diagnosis is established; PRES is a recognized critical maternal complication of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. [10][11][18]", "Ask specifically about calcineurin inhibitors, other immunosuppressants, antineoplastic therapy, recent transplantation, renal replacement context, autoimmune flare, and sepsis because each materially changes the causal branch. [2][6][7][23]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Clinical contexts that should immediately raise the probability of PRES. [2][6][7][23]", "columns": [ "Context", "Discriminator", "Immediate next action" ], "rows": [ [ "Acute hypertension or large blood-pressure fluctuation", "Acute neurologic syndrome with headache, seizure, visual symptoms, encephalopathy, or focal deficit. [2]", "Initiate monitored blood-pressure management while obtaining urgent brain MRI. [2]" ], [ "Pregnancy or postpartum state", "Pre-eclampsia is hypertension after 20 weeks' gestation plus proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunction, or uteroplacental dysfunction; seizures without another neurologic explanation define eclampsia. [10][7]", "Manage as a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and evaluate for PRES with neuroimaging. [10][11]" ], [ "Renal dysfunction", "eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or creatinine above the laboratory upper limit of normal was used to define renal dysfunction in a PRES series. [7]", "Assess volume status, renal function, and blood-pressure trajectory while obtaining MRI. [2][7]" ], [ "Cancer, transplantation, or autoimmune disease", "Recent cytotoxic or immunosuppressive exposure, including tacrolimus, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, or platinum-based therapy, is a recognized exposure pattern. [6][7][23]", "Review timing, drug concentration when applicable, and the feasibility of holding or changing the suspected agent with the prescribing specialty. [2][7]" ] ] } }, { "id": "confirm-the-diagnosis", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic pathway", "heading": "Confirm PRES with MRI and actively exclude mimics", "intro": "PRES is a clinicoradiologic diagnosis, not an imaging finding in isolation.", "paragraphs": [ "Obtain urgent brain MRI when PRES is suspected. The diagnostic construct combines compatible clinical features and risk factors with MRI evidence of edema, usually involving posterior subcortical regions; T2/FLAIR hyperintensity reflects edema. MRI may also show petechial hemorrhage. [2]", "Interpret MRI in relation to the acute syndrome rather than requiring strictly posterior lesions. The radiologic spectrum is variable, and atypical patterns can delay recognition; diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient sequences help characterize lesions when infarction is a competing diagnosis. [16][23]", "Use the tempo and associated features to pursue key alternatives in parallel. Thunderclap headache or a vasoconstrictive syndrome should raise concern for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, which may coexist with or complicate PRES; focal ischemic syndromes require evaluation for cerebral infarction. [5][21] Mitochondrial disease is an additional consideration in selected possible cases with an atypical presentation. [3]" ], "bullets": [ "Document a full neurologic examination, including visual fields when feasible, because visual symptoms and focal deficits can be part of PRES and provide a baseline for recovery. [2]", "Obtain serum creatinine/eGFR, assess blood-pressure trajectory, review recent drug exposure, and determine whether pregnancy-related hypertensive disease, autoimmune disease, sepsis, or renal failure is present. [2][7][23]", "If seizure or encephalopathy persists after initial stabilization, continue reassessment for an alternative or concurrent diagnosis rather than attributing all symptoms to imaging abnormalities alone. [2][5]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Imaging interpretation that changes urgency", "paragraphs": [ "Posterior-predominant subcortical vasogenic edema on FLAIR supports PRES, but petechial hemorrhage indicates a potentially complicated course and warrants close neurologic and hemodynamic monitoring. [2] Restricted diffusion should prompt careful assessment for concurrent infarction rather than assuming all lesions are reversible vasogenic edema. [16][21]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "PRES-oriented differential using presentation and imaging context. [2][3][5][16][21]", "columns": [ "Diagnostic possibility", "Clue favoring the branch", "Test or interpretation that redirects care" ], "rows": [ [ "PRES", "Acute neurologic symptoms plus hypertension, eclampsia, renal failure, autoimmune disease, sepsis, or cytotoxic/immunosuppressive exposure. [2][23]", "MRI with edema, commonly posterior subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensity, supports the clinicoradiologic diagnosis. [2]" ], [ "Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome", "Thunderclap headache or a compatible vasoconstrictive syndrome; overlap with PRES can occur. [5]", "Pursue vascular evaluation when the headache phenotype or clinical course is atypical for isolated PRES. [5]" ], [ "Acute cerebral infarction", "Abrupt focal deficit or lesion pattern concerning for ischemia. [21]", "Review DWI/ADC for restricted diffusion and manage blood pressure in the context of possible acute infarction. [16][21]" ], [ "Mitochondrial disease", "Selected cases labeled possible PRES with atypical clinical or imaging features. [3]", "Reconsider the diagnosis and pursue targeted metabolic or genetic evaluation when the overall syndrome is discordant. [3]" ] ] } }, { "id": "treat-the-precipitant", "eyebrow": "Acute management", "heading": "Reverse the driving insult while controlling seizures and complications", "intro": "There is no single syndrome-specific drug; treatment is determined by the precipitating injury pattern.", "paragraphs": [ "Treat the identified precipitant immediately. Core management consists of correcting the underlying cause and treating associated complications, particularly seizures. In hypertensive presentations, use monitored blood-pressure reduction rather than leaving severe hypertension untreated; in a reported management approach, the therapeutic mean arterial pressure goal was 105 to 125 mm Hg. [2][20]", "For medication-associated PRES, urgently reconcile the exposure timeline and coordinate with oncology, transplant, rheumatology, or nephrology to reassess the suspected antineoplastic or immunosuppressive agent. Calcineurin inhibitors, cyclophosphamide, and platinum-based agents are among exposures reported in PRES contexts, while autoimmune disease itself can be a concomitant driver. [6][7][23]", "For pregnancy-associated PRES, identify and manage pre-eclampsia or eclampsia as the causal emergency. Pre-eclampsia requires hypertension arising after 20 weeks' gestation plus proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunction, or uteroplacental dysfunction; seizure without another neurologic explanation in this setting defines eclampsia. [10][7] Neurologic involvement can occur postpartum, so recent delivery does not lower concern. [9][14][18]", "Treat renal failure, sepsis, and active autoimmune disease as potentially coexisting contributors rather than mutually exclusive alternatives. In a clinical series, patients frequently had more than one etiologic category, and chronic kidney disease and autoimmune disease were common comorbid conditions. [7]" ], "bullets": [ "Use a monitored setting for blood-pressure titration and serial neurologic reassessment when symptoms are active or blood pressure is unstable. [2][20]", "Treat observed seizures as a PRES complication and reassess consciousness and visual function after control. [2]", "Reassess causative-drug continuation only after weighing the neurologic event against oncologic, transplant, or autoimmune risk; PRES has been associated with both the underlying disease and its treatment. [2][6][7]", "Avoid assuming an immunosuppressive biologic is causal from temporal association alone; for pediatric tocilizumab exposure, FDA review found two FAERS reports with unassessable causality and no sufficient evidence of a PRES signal. [1]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Blood-pressure management when stroke remains possible", "paragraphs": [ "When MRI or examination raises concern for acute ischemic infarction, avoid applying a PRES blood-pressure target without accounting for stroke management. One report notes maintaining blood pressure below 220/120 mm Hg in acute cerebral infarction, illustrating that the ischemic-stroke branch can require a different pressure strategy. [21]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Cause-directed management priorities in PRES. [2][6][7][10][20][23]", "columns": [ "Etiologic branch", "Recognition clues", "Management priority" ], "rows": [ [ "Hypertension-associated PRES", "Severe or fluctuating blood pressure with compatible neurologic syndrome and MRI edema. [2][7]", "Use monitored blood-pressure reduction; one reported target range was mean arterial pressure 105 to 125 mm Hg. [20]" ], [ "Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia-associated PRES", "Pregnancy or postpartum state with hypertensive disorder and seizure or neurologic symptoms. [10][11][18]", "Treat the pregnancy-related hypertensive emergency while evaluating and monitoring the neurologic complication. [10][11]" ], [ "Drug-associated PRES", "Recent antineoplastic or immunosuppressive treatment, including tacrolimus, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, or platinum therapy. [6][7]", "Review exposure, levels when applicable, and need for interruption or substitution with the treating specialty. [2][7]" ], [ "Renal, autoimmune, or sepsis-associated PRES", "Renal dysfunction, active autoimmune disease, or sepsis in a compatible clinical and MRI syndrome. [2][7][23]", "Correct the systemic driver while controlling blood pressure and seizures. [2][23]" ] ] } }, { "id": "monitor-recovery-and-risk", "eyebrow": "Disposition and follow-up", "heading": "Monitor for incomplete recovery, hemorrhage, and recurrent exposure", "intro": "Clinical improvement does not eliminate the need to document neurologic recovery and address recurrence drivers.", "paragraphs": [ "Follow consciousness, seizure recurrence, blood pressure, visual symptoms, and focal deficits during the acute phase because PRES symptoms may evolve. MRI evidence of edema supports the diagnosis, but hemorrhagic foci and atypical lesion patterns should increase concern for complicated disease. [2][23]", "Plan follow-up around the precipitant that caused the event: sustained blood-pressure control after hypertensive PRES, renal and volume management after renal-associated PRES, obstetric follow-up after pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, and a documented strategy for future cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy after treatment-associated PRES. These are necessary because the syndrome reflects ongoing endothelial and autoregulatory vulnerability rather than a uniformly self-limited event. [2][10][23]", "Counsel the treating teams that neurologic recovery is common but not guaranteed. Reported mortality ranges from 10% to 19%, and persistent neurologic deficits or residual radiologic lesions have been reported in up to 40% to 44% of patients; recovery assessment should therefore include functional neurologic status rather than symptom resolution alone. [23]" ], "bullets": [ "Repeat neurologic examination after seizure control and blood-pressure stabilization, with particular attention to vision, cognition, speech, and lateralizing findings. [2]", "Use follow-up MRI when clinical deficits persist, imaging was hemorrhagic or atypical, or the diagnosis remains uncertain after initial treatment. [2][16][23]", "Before re-exposure to a suspected cytotoxic or immunosuppressive agent, document the original timing, concurrent hypertension or renal dysfunction, and alternative contributors; multiple causes can coexist. [7][23]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Follow-up priorities after the acute PRES event. [2][7][10][23]", "columns": [ "Finding during admission", "Follow-up focus", "Reason" ], "rows": [ [ "Persistent visual, cognitive, or focal deficit", "Serial neurologic examination and follow-up MRI when deficits do not resolve. [2][16]", "PRES may leave persistent neurologic deficits or residual imaging abnormalities. [23]" ], [ "Hemorrhagic imaging feature", "Close neurologic and blood-pressure monitoring; reassess imaging if clinical status changes. [2]", "Petechial hemorrhage can accompany PRES. [2]" ], [ "Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia context", "Postpartum blood-pressure and obstetric follow-up. [10][18]", "PRES is a recognized maternal complication and may present postpartum. [11][18]" ], [ "Potential medication trigger", "Multidisciplinary decision before rechallenge, substitution, or continuation. [1][6][7]", "Drug exposure and underlying autoimmune, transplant, or cancer-related illness may each contribute. [1][6][23]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Actemra Pediatric Postmarketing Review", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169191/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)", "detail": "pn.bmj.com", "url": "https://pn.bmj.com/content/practneurol/22/3/183.full.pdf", "authors": "pn.bmj.com", "host": "pn.bmj.com" }, { "number": 3, "title": "The diagnosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy ...", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(15)00257-4/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Renal Failure and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/800682", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 5, 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"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6167711", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Actemra Pediatric Postmarketing Review", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169191/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov", "snippet": "concomitant medications, treatments given for PRES, and rechallenge attempts. Notably, JIA is also a risk factor for PRES. Additional risk factors of PRES include, but are not limited to: blood pressure fluctuations, renal failure, cytotoxic agents, and autoimmune conditions.23 For completeness, we ", "score": 0.47300056 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)", "detail": "pn.bmj.com", "url": "https://pn.bmj.com/content/practneurol/22/3/183.full.pdf", "authors": "pn.bmj.com", "host": "pn.bmj.com", "snippet": "Introduction Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinicoradiological diagnosis that is based on a combination of typical clinical features and risk factors, and supported by magnetic resonance (MR) brain scan findings. Neurological symptoms can be multiple or occur in isolation ", "score": 0.7352811 }, { "number": 3, "title": "The diagnosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy ...", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(15)00257-4/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "by JE Fugate · 2015 · Cited by 5 — We agree that mitochondrial disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of some cases of possible posterior reversible encephalopathy", "score": 0.5060794 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Renal Failure and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/800682", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by TM Burrus · 2010 · Cited by 57 — ... Treatment of High Blood Pressure seventh report guidelines as a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg. The collected laboratory data consisted of", "score": 0.35608885 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422%2812%2970135-7/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "by A Ducros · 2012 · Cited by 1037 — Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome can complicate toxaemia of pregnancy, immunosuppressive treatment after transplantation, cancer chemotherapy,", "score": 0.70799106 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome in a ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/1105163", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by D Gratton · 2011 · Cited by 62 — Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is often associated with hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and treatment with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive", "score": 0.6257817 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in Colombia a case series | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-38921-w", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "To ensure consistency across records, key clinical variables were operationally defined. 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Surv. 69, 287–", "score": 0.5737984 }, { "number": 11, "title": "A study on clinicoradiological characteristics and ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/hr201776", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "by X Fang · 2017 · Cited by 16 — Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a critical maternal complication in preeclampsia or eclampsia during pregnancy.", "score": 0.5634506 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Association of Sjögren's syndrome with immune-mediated ...", "detail": "www.cell.com", "url": "https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)12243-8", "authors": "www.cell.com", "host": "www.cell.com", "snippet": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an acute- or subacute-onset neurological disease, which is characterised by various", "score": 0.52583206 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Rare association of posterior reversible encephalopathy ...", "detail": "www.cell.com", "url": "https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(24)16946-0.pdf", "authors": "www.cell.com", "host": "www.cell.com", "snippet": "by M Ždraljević · 2024 · Cited by 3 — Another condition closely related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy such as preeclampsia and eclampsia is posterior reversible.", "score": 0.51662046 }, { "number": 14, "title": "CLINICAL CASES", "detail": "www.acpjournals.org", "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.7326/aimcc.2024.1049", "authors": "www.acpjournals.org", "host": "www.acpjournals.org", "snippet": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are rare, life-threatening postpartum conditions,", "score": 0.5106191 }, { "number": 15, "title": "a model of microvascular injury in hypertensive emergency", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-021-00617-1", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "by RJ Herman · 2023 · Cited by 11 — Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia ... Clinical correlates of posterior reversible encephalopathy", "score": 0.5069581 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of occipital brain lesions in children", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dmcn.16434", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by L Bartolini · 2025 · Cited by 2 — 'posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome', posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. MRI: DWI/ADC and FLAIR: focal areas of restricted", "score": 0.70580584 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, a clinically ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ccr3.2745", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Cerebral MRI images showing coronal T2/FLAIR, axial DWI, and ADC map sequences at diagnoses of all three patients with coronal T2/FLAIR follow-", "score": 0.6506676 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Postpartum Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome ( ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2019/9527632", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a rare complication generally associated with headache and acute changes in blood pressure.", "score": 0.604703 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Early‐Onset Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/carm/7058556", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an acute neurological disorder characterized by headache, seizures, visual disturbances,", "score": 0.60077465 }, { "number": 20, "title": "posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: diverse ...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/abstract/2022/06001/posterior_reversible_encephalopathy_syndrome_.284.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "The therapeutic goal was to maintain a mean arterial pressure between 105 and 125 mmHg.", "score": 0.58862966 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2021/08060/posterior_reversible_encephalopathy_syndrome.64.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "by CH Teng · 2021 · Cited by 3 — However, in patients with acute cerebral infarction, blood pressure should be maintained below 220/120 mm Hg. In our case, we suspected acute", "score": 0.51969254 }, { "number": 22, "title": "603: A CASE REPORT ON POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/fulltext/2024/01001/603__a_case_report_on_posterior_reversible.551.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Patient was treated in the intensive care unit with nicardipine drip with the initial systolic blood pressure goal of 200-220 mmHg.", "score": 0.4560954 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): A narrative review of pathophysiology, clinical insights, and advances in management", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12922249", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "The syndrome is linked to a broad range of precipitating factors, including severe hypertension (HTN), renal failure, autoimmune diseases, sepsis, and the use of antineoplastic and immunosuppressive medications [1][2]. Preeclampsia and eclampsia, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and intensive oncolog", "score": 0.79637206 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome following ...", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6167711", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "by A Mishra · 2018 · Cited by 17 — There are currently no clear guidelines or consensus statements on the diagnosis and management of PRES. It is considered a rare and ...Read more", "score": 0.78709817 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T17:55:32.326080+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T17:55:32.326080+00:00", "readingMinutes": 5, "slug": "posterior-reversible-encephalopathy-syndrome" }