{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Gynecology & STI",
  "title": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease",
  "summary": "Pelvic inflammatory disease is a clinical diagnosis requiring prompt empiric broad-spectrum treatment when pelvic organ tenderness accompanies lower genital tract inflammation in a patient at STI risk. Early management, reassessment, complication detection, and partner care are central to preventing reproductive sequelae.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to clinical diagnosis, empiric antibiotic treatment, follow-up, hospitalization, and complication management for pelvic inflammatory disease.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians diagnose, treat, reassess, and escalate care for suspected acute pelvic inflammatory disease?",
  "specialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "acute pelvic inflammatory disease",
    "PID diagnosis",
    "tubo-ovarian abscess",
    "PID antibiotics",
    "STI treatment"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Diagnose PID clinically: lower genital tract inflammation plus pelvic organ tenderness supports the diagnosis; pelvic pain and fever may be absent even in confirmed disease. [12]",
    "Treat probable PID promptly with broad-spectrum therapy because delayed treatment is associated with ectopic pregnancy and tubal-factor infertility. [19]",
    "Mild-to-moderate PID can generally be managed as an outpatient; lack of clinical response within 72 hours warrants reassessment and consideration of hospitalization and parenteral therapy. [17][19]",
    "Severe illness, inability to tolerate or adhere to oral therapy, pregnancy, or suspected tubo-ovarian abscess favor inpatient management. [17][18]",
    "Tubo-ovarian abscess requires imaging assessment and broad-spectrum parenteral treatment; drainage is a management consideration for selected collections. [12][19]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "clinical-diagnosis",
      "eyebrow": "Diagnosis",
      "heading": "Make a low-threshold clinical diagnosis",
      "intro": "PID is a syndromic upper-genital-tract infection; no single bedside finding excludes it.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "The practical diagnostic construct is lower genital tract inflammation with pelvic organ tenderness in a patient at risk for sexually transmitted infection. Uterine, adnexal, or cervical motion tenderness should prompt consideration of PID when the clinical context is compatible. A clinical diagnosis of symptomatic PID has a positive predictive value for salpingitis of 65% to 90% compared with laparoscopy. [12][23]",
        "Do not require the classic syndrome before treating. Pelvic pain and fever are commonly absent in women with confirmed PID. Abnormal vaginal discharge, metrorrhagia, postcoital bleeding, and urinary frequency can represent less conspicuous presentations, particularly in patients at STI risk. [12]",
        "Microbiology is polymicrobial and may include Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and bacterial-vaginosis-associated organisms, including anaerobes. This microbiology supports empiric broad-spectrum rather than pathogen-directed initial treatment. [12][17]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Obtain microbiologic sampling when feasible before antibiotics, but do not delay treatment once the clinical diagnosis is probable. [19]",
        "Use pelvic ultrasonography when evaluating for tubo-ovarian abscess; clinically severe PID should prompt hospitalization and imaging to assess for this complication. [12][19]",
        "Reconsider competing diagnoses and escalate evaluation when the presentation is severe, atypical, or fails to improve with therapy. [17]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Clinical findings and actions in suspected PID. [12][17][19]",
        "columns": [
          "Finding or circumstance",
          "Interpretation",
          "Action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Lower genital tract inflammation with uterine, adnexal, or cervical motion tenderness",
            "Supports a clinical diagnosis of PID. [12]",
            "Start empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy when PID is probable. [19]"
          ],
          [
            "Pelvic pain without fever or marked systemic illness",
            "Does not exclude PID; fever and pelvic pain can be absent in confirmed disease. [12]",
            "Assess STI risk and pelvic examination findings rather than withholding therapy for an incomplete classic syndrome. [12][19]"
          ],
          [
            "Severe illness or concern for tubo-ovarian abscess",
            "Higher-risk or complicated PID. [12][17]",
            "Hospitalize, obtain imaging, and initiate parenteral broad-spectrum therapy. [12][17]"
          ],
          [
            "No clinical improvement within 72 hours of outpatient therapy",
            "Possible alternative diagnosis, complication, inadequate adherence, or need for parenteral treatment. [17]",
            "Reevaluate and consider hospitalization. [17]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "antimicrobial-treatment",
      "eyebrow": "Treatment",
      "heading": "Use broad-spectrum therapy and match setting to severity",
      "intro": "Initial therapy should cover likely polymicrobial upper-genital-tract infection.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For mild-to-moderate PID, outpatient therapy is appropriate for many patients. Comparative evidence summarized in a clinical review found no difference in response or reproductive outcomes between outpatient intramuscular cefoxitin plus oral doxycycline and inpatient intravenous cefoxitin plus doxycycline among patients with mild-to-moderate clinical PID. [17]",
        "The supplied evidence supports a U.S. guideline-based outpatient backbone of a long-acting cephalosporin administered intramuscularly with oral doxycycline, with or without metronidazole, for 14 days; it does not provide sufficient source detail to specify a current U.S. complete regimen or dose beyond historical CDC-reported treatment practices. [11][20] A historical CDC-reported outpatient regimen included ceftriaxone 250 mg with doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 14 days; this should not be substituted for verification against current CDC guidance. [11]",
        "For clinically severe PID, use inpatient parenteral broad-spectrum therapy with activity against polymicrobial flora, especially gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes. Regimens supported in the reviewed literature include cefoxitin or cefotetan plus doxycycline and clindamycin plus gentamicin. [12][16]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Azithromycin injection is FDA-labeled for adult PID at 500 mg IV once daily for 1 or 2 days, followed by azithromycin 250 mg orally once daily to complete 7 days; the FDA label states that IV-to-oral timing should follow clinical response. [1]",
        "The azithromycin injection label specifies infusion concentrations and rates of 1 mg/mL over 3 hours or 2 mg/mL over 1 hour. [1]",
        "Antibiotic regimens should cover N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, anaerobes, gram-negative facultative bacteria, and streptococci. [17]",
        "Available antibiotic trials largely have short follow-up; evidence is less definitive for prevention of long-term reproductive sequelae than for short-term clinical and microbiologic cure. [18]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "When to hospitalize",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Hospitalize patients with clinically severe disease, high fever, nausea or vomiting, inability to tolerate or follow an oral regimen, pregnancy, or a tubo-ovarian abscess. Pregnancy-associated PID is uncommon but has been linked to increased maternal and fetal morbidity and preterm delivery; the cited review recommends inpatient parenteral management, while acknowledging limited evidence for a specific regimen. [17][18]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Hospitalize when diagnostic uncertainty or concern for a surgical or complicated process requires imaging and serial examination. [12][17]",
            "Inpatient treatment for uncomplicated PID has not shown a prognosis advantage over outpatient treatment in cited evidence. [19]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Treatment-setting decisions for acute PID. [12][17][18][19]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical setting",
          "Appropriate patient profile",
          "Treatment and monitoring priority"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Outpatient",
            "Mild-to-moderate disease with ability to tolerate and adhere to oral therapy. [17][19]",
            "Use empiric broad-spectrum therapy; arrange clinical reassessment within 72 hours. [17]"
          ],
          [
            "Inpatient",
            "Severe illness, high fever, nausea or vomiting, pregnancy, inability to follow or tolerate outpatient treatment, or tubo-ovarian abscess. [17][18]",
            "Provide parenteral broad-spectrum therapy, imaging when abscess is a concern, and serial assessment of clinical response. [12][17]"
          ],
          [
            "Escalation after outpatient therapy",
            "No substantial improvement within 72 hours. [17]",
            "Reevaluate diagnosis, adherence, and complications; consider hospitalization and parenteral antibiotics. [17]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tubo-ovarian-abscess",
      "eyebrow": "Complicated PID",
      "heading": "Identify tubo-ovarian abscess early",
      "intro": "Abscess changes the required intensity of evaluation and treatment.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Tubo-ovarian abscess is a major PID complication that should be considered in clinically severe illness and evaluated with pelvic imaging. Severe PID should prompt hospitalization and imaging to exclude an abscess. [12]",
        "Management includes broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotic therapy. International French guidance recommends drainage when a pelvic fluid collection exceeds a size threshold, but the provided excerpt truncates that threshold; it therefore cannot support a specific drainage cutoff for U.S. practice. [19]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use imaging results together with clinical trajectory; persistent or worsening symptoms despite antibiotics should prompt reassessment for abscess or an alternative diagnosis. [17][19]",
        "Consult gynecology or an appropriate procedural service when imaging identifies an abscess and source control may be needed; the supplied sources do not provide a U.S. procedural selection algorithm. [12][19]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "",
        "columns": [],
        "rows": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "follow-up-and-prevention",
      "eyebrow": "Follow-up",
      "heading": "Verify early improvement and interrupt reinfection",
      "intro": "Clinical response, partner management, and STI prevention determine near-term outcomes.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Reexamine patients after treatment initiation, with a 72-hour interval emphasized in the cited clinical review. Expected improvement includes defervescence when fever is present and reduced abdominal, rebound, and pelvic organ tenderness. Failure to improve within 72 hours requires reassessment and possible hospitalization. [17]",
        "Partner management is an important recurrence-prevention measure. A review of PID antibiotic therapy recommends that partners be referred for gonorrhea and chlamydia screening and receive appropriate empiric treatment; earlier program evidence found that inclusion of male partners in management reduced recurrence rates. [18][7]",
        "Screening and treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea are preventive priorities because these organisms are implicated in PID pathogenesis and because untreated gonococcal infection can lead to PID and subsequent infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and disseminated infection. [12][2]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Document symptom trajectory and pelvic examination improvement at follow-up; do not assume symptom improvement alone establishes cure when adherence or complications are uncertain. [17]",
        "Address the reproductive consequences of PID explicitly: fallopian tube inflammation can result in infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. [12]",
        "Advise completion of prescribed therapy and coordinate testing and treatment of sexual partners to reduce recurrence risk. [7][18]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Follow-up priorities after starting PID treatment. [7][17][18]",
        "columns": [
          "Time point",
          "Assess",
          "Action if abnormal"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Within 72 hours",
            "Fever, abdominal and pelvic tenderness, ability to take and adhere to treatment. [17]",
            "Reevaluate diagnosis and complications; consider hospitalization and parenteral therapy if response is inadequate. [17]"
          ],
          [
            "During episode management",
            "Sexual partner evaluation and treatment for gonorrhea and chlamydia. [18]",
            "Arrange screening and appropriate empiric partner treatment to reduce recurrence risk. [7][18]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "evidence-limits",
      "eyebrow": "Evidence",
      "heading": "Apply regimen recommendations with attention to evidence limits",
      "intro": "Short-term cure evidence is stronger than evidence for prevention of long-term sequelae.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Guidelines differ in some antibiotic choices. A review comparing IUSTI and CDC recommendations identified differences in alternative inpatient regimens and in use of oral moxifloxacin as an alternative outpatient regimen in IUSTI guidance. These international recommendations should not be assumed to represent U.S. standard of care without checking current U.S. guidance. [18]",
        "The evidence base includes randomized comparisons supporting outpatient management of mild-to-moderate PID, but antibiotic studies have variable cure rates and typically short follow-up. Consequently, regimen selection should prioritize current local and national guidance, polymicrobial coverage, allergy history, pregnancy status, disease severity, tolerability, and capacity for follow-up. [17][18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Do not extrapolate older ceftriaxone dosing reported in historical treatment-practice literature to current recommendations without verification. [11]",
        "The supplied FDA azithromycin injection label is dated 2017 and explicitly may not be the latest approved label; verify current labeling before use. [1]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "",
        "columns": [],
        "rows": []
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "Can PID be diagnosed without fever?",
      "answer": "Yes. Fever and pelvic pain may be absent in women with confirmed PID. In an at-risk patient, lower genital tract inflammation plus pelvic organ tenderness supports a clinical diagnosis and should lower the threshold for empiric treatment. [12]"
    },
    {
      "question": "When should suspected PID be managed in the hospital?",
      "answer": "Hospitalize for severe illness, high fever, nausea or vomiting, inability to tolerate or adhere to oral treatment, pregnancy, or suspected tubo-ovarian abscess. Obtain imaging when abscess is a concern. [12][17][18]"
    },
    {
      "question": "What follow-up is needed after outpatient PID treatment begins?",
      "answer": "Reassess within 72 hours for defervescence and reduced abdominal and pelvic tenderness. Lack of substantial clinical improvement should trigger diagnostic reassessment and consideration of hospitalization and parenteral therapy. [17]"
    },
    {
      "question": "Why is empiric treatment started before definitive microbiology?",
      "answer": "PID is a clinical, polymicrobial syndrome, and delay in treating probable PID is associated with increased ectopic pregnancy and tubal-factor infertility. Microbiologic samples should be obtained when feasible, but treatment should not be delayed. [12][19]"
    }
  ],
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      "detail": "www.thelancet.com",
      "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(98)90008-3/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
      "host": "www.thelancet.com",
      "snippet": "by F Kamwendo · 1998 · Cited by 112 — Early and effective antibiotic treatment of PID will reduce adverse effects on and inclusion of male sexual partners in management will reduce recurrence rates",
      "score": 0.6058229
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Improving Adherence to Guidelines for the Diagnosis and ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2012/325108",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Background. Evidence suggests adherence to clinical guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosis and management is suboptimal.",
      "score": 0.70944256
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in the Adolescent:...",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/pec-online/fulltext/2013/06000/pelvic_inflammatory_disease_in_the_adolescent_.7.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Pelvic inflammatory disease diagnosis and treatment often do not follow long-established CDC guidelines in the adolescent population. · Cervicitis and PID are",
      "score": 0.67527276
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Evolving trends in the management of pelvic inflammatory ...",
      "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jog.15970",
      "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Jun 12, 2024 — Patients diagnosed with PID were treated on an outpatient basis according to the CDC guidelines. We included only hospitalized patients over 16- ...Read more",
      "score": 0.6557114
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Treatment Practices of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ...",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/2019/05001/treatment_practices_of_pelvic_inflammatory_disease.679.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "by E LLata · 2019 — CDC recommends broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy (ceftriaxone 250 mg and doxycycline 100 mg BID for 14 days) for women with mild to moderate ...Read more",
      "score": 0.638588
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease : Obstetrics & Gynecology",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/aog.0b013e3181e92c54~pelvic-inflammatory-disease",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "with the disease, particularly in women at risk of sexually transmitted infection. The diagnosis of PID is based on the findings of lower genital tract inflammation associated with pelvic organ tenderness. The outpatient treatment of mild-to-moderate PID should include tolerated antibiotic regimens ",
      "score": 0.61168414
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Management guidelines for sexually transmitted infections",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ijst/fulltext/2025/07000/management_guidelines_for_sexually_transmitted.3.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "by CV Raman · 2025 · Cited by 1 — Table 14 provides the new management guidelines for pelvic inflammatory disease as per CDC 2021 and NACO 2024.",
      "score": 0.5928793
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease With Presumptive Tubo ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/crog/4690633",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Mar 3, 2026 — Empiric antibiotic therapy is recommended promptly to prevent long-term sequelae. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)—STI Treatment Guidelines,",
      "score": 0.57723385
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Pelvic ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2011/753037",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "The diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually based on clinical criteria and can be challenging for even the most",
      "score": 0.4511578
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Treatment of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Sweet",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2011/561909",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Most of the literature supports the combination of (1) cefoxitin or cefotetan plus doxycycline and (2) clindamycin plus gentamicin.",
      "score": 0.34740478
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/pelvic-inflammatory-disease",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Optimal outpatient management includes a follow-up examination performed within 72 hours after the initiation of therapy. Many patients may not return for this visit if they are symptomatically improved. Substantial clinical improvement with lysis of fever, reduction in direct or rebound abdominal t",
      "score": 0.6211049
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "A review of antibiotic therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924857915002046",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "### Additional considerations\n\nPID in pregnancy, although uncommon, has been associated with an increase in maternal and foetal morbidity and preterm delivery , . Management should be as an inpatient with parenteral antibiotics (e.g. ceftriaxone plus erythromycin plus metronidazole), although there ",
      "score": 0.6155738
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Pelvic inflammatory diseases: Updated French guidelines",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468784720300441",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) must be suspected when spontaneous pelvic pain is associated with induced adnexal or uterine pain (grade B). Pelvic ultrasonography is necessary to rule out tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) (grade C). Microbiological diagnosis requires endocervical and TOA sampling for m",
      "score": 0.560566
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Single daily dose of moxifloxacin versus ofloxacin plus metronidazole as a new treatment approach to uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease: a multicentre prospective randomized trial",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301211513003849",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "The management of PID centers on removal of the offending microbes and involves broad-spectrum antibiotics particulary seeking coverage against gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes269, 456. Research trials have looked at various antibiotics including ceftriaxone, azithromycin, doxycycline, moxifloxac",
      "score": 0.50388235
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "The veracious etiology of ectopic pregnancy",
      "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1600-0412.1998.770125.x",
      "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "SHORT REPORT The veracious etiology of ectopic pregnancy. Key words: divine punishment; ectopic pregnancy; medical history; pelvic inflammatory disease; prostitution. When untreated, ec-topic pregnancy could be fatal; today, the death-to-case rate for ectopic pregnancies is estimated as 1.4:1000 (1)",
      "score": 0.539833
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Pediatrics In Review",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatricsinreview/article/34/4/163/34778/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "The CDC currently recommends that empiric treatment for PID should be initiated for sexually active women at risk for STIs who present with",
      "score": 0.8131201
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "106: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/aapbooks/book/723/chapter/10678726/Pelvic-Inflammatory-Disease",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "A clinical diagnosis of symptomatic PID has a positive predictive value for salpingitis of 65% to 90% compared to that of laparoscopy.",
      "score": 0.6426349
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "WEB ANNEX D. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR SYNDROMIC ...",
      "detail": "iris.who.int",
      "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/90305c28-0966-42cf-b32b-5b35c45ac4db/download",
      "authors": "iris.who.int",
      "host": "iris.who.int",
      "snippet": "by World Health Organization · 2021 · Cited by 180 — A cross-sectional study showing differences in the clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease according to the experience of clinicians: implications",
      "score": 0.4751919
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T01:22:48.059046+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T01:22:48.059046+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 5,
  "slug": "pelvic-inflammatory-disease"
}