{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Hematology-Oncology",
  "title": "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma",
  "summary": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma requires rapid conversion of a suspected lymphoid malignancy into a specific histologic diagnosis, stage, and tempo category. Management diverges sharply between aggressive entities requiring prompt systemic therapy and indolent entities in which symptom burden and disease distribution determine treatment timing.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, subtype-directed staging, urgency assessment, PET/CT response evaluation, and relapse planning.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians establish, stage, risk-stratify, and direct initial management for suspected non-Hodgkin lymphoma?",
  "specialty": "Hematology-Oncology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "non-Hodgkin lymphoma",
    "diffuse large B-cell lymphoma",
    "follicular lymphoma",
    "mantle cell lymphoma",
    "lymphoma staging",
    "PET/CT",
    "CAR T-cell therapy"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Do not treat a presumed NHL subtype from imaging or peripheral blood findings alone; obtain tissue adequate for morphology and immunophenotyping because histology determines urgency, staging strategy, and treatment. [1][10]",
    "Rapid clinical progression, B symptoms, bulky or threatening extranodal disease, and a Burkitt-like presentation should accelerate hematology-oncology management because aggressive lymphomas may be fatal within weeks without treatment. [11][14]",
    "Use PET/CT for staging and response assessment in FDG-avid lymphoma; residual metabolic activity in NHL has limited positive predictive value and may require repeat imaging or biopsy before changing treatment. [16][17]",
    "For indolent NHL, treatment timing depends on symptoms and disease burden; for aggressive NHL, subtype-specific systemic therapy is generally required promptly. [1][11]",
    "Relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas may be candidates for anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy after multiple prior therapies; treatment selection requires attention to disease tempo, bridging needs, and cellular-therapy toxicities. [19][23]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "triage-and-diagnostic-priority",
      "eyebrow": "Initial decision",
      "heading": "Identify presentations that require expedited lymphoma management",
      "intro": "Determine disease tempo and immediately threatened organ systems before completing full staging.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Escalate urgently when the clinical course suggests aggressive NHL: rapidly enlarging adenopathy or extranodal masses, constitutional symptoms, suspected CNS disease, gastrointestinal obstruction, or a Burkitt-like rapidly progressive presentation. Aggressive entities include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and other peripheral T-cell lymphomas; untreated aggressive disease can cause death within weeks. [11][14]",
        "A slowly waxing and waning nodal course favors an indolent process such as follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, or splenic marginal zone lymphoma, but does not eliminate transformation or clinically consequential extranodal disease. The management question is not merely whether lymphoma is present: determine whether symptoms, site-specific compromise, or biologic tempo requires immediate treatment. [1][11]",
        "Localizing symptoms direct the immediate branch of evaluation. Headache or focal neurologic findings raise concern for primary CNS lymphoma; nausea, early satiety, vomiting, abdominal fullness, weight loss, or obstruction symptoms suggest gastrointestinal involvement. These presentations require site-directed imaging and coordinated diagnostic planning rather than routine outpatient surveillance. [11]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Prioritize immediate hematology-oncology involvement for suspected Burkitt lymphoma, DLBCL with rapid progression, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, or organ-threatening extranodal disease. [11][14]",
        "Ask specifically about prior or current immunosuppression, autoimmune disease, hepatitis C virus exposure, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 exposure because these factors can alter the etiologic differential and subtype-directed testing. [1][13]",
        "Include HTLV testing when clinically indicated during the NHL evaluation. [1]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Clinical tempo and site of disease determine the urgency of diagnostic and treatment planning. [1][11][14]",
        "columns": [
          "Presentation pattern",
          "More likely clinical branch",
          "Next decision"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Rapid progression, B symptoms, marked systemic illness",
            "Aggressive lymphoma, including DLBCL, Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma [11][14]",
            "Expedite tissue diagnosis, staging, and subtype-specific treatment planning because untreated aggressive disease may progress over weeks. [11]"
          ],
          [
            "Waxing and waning adenopathy over years",
            "Indolent lymphoma, including follicular lymphoma, CLL/SLL, or splenic marginal zone lymphoma [11]",
            "Establish subtype and assess symptoms, distribution, and disease burden before deciding whether treatment is required. [1][11]"
          ],
          [
            "Headache or other CNS-localizing symptoms",
            "Primary CNS lymphoma or secondary CNS involvement [11]",
            "Obtain urgent CNS-directed diagnostic assessment and involve lymphoma specialists. [1][11]"
          ],
          [
            "Early satiety, vomiting, abdominal fullness, or obstruction symptoms",
            "Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma or extranodal involvement [11]",
            "Assess for visceral obstruction and obtain site-directed diagnostic evaluation. [11]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "establish-a-definitive-subtype",
      "eyebrow": "Tissue diagnosis",
      "heading": "Obtain pathology that can distinguish the therapeutic entity",
      "intro": "NHL is a classification problem before it is a treatment problem.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Obtain tissue from the most accessible clinically representative involved site and ensure that morphology and immunophenotyping can be performed. NHL arises from B cells, T cells, or NK cells and encompasses clinically distinct entities; treatment varies by histologic subtype, site of involvement, stage, and symptom severity. [1][11]",
        "Request hematopathology review with flow-cytometric immunophenotyping when appropriate. Immunophenotyping improved diagnostic accuracy by approximately 10% to 45% in mantle cell lymphoma, DLBCL, and T-cell lymphomas in a clinical evaluation of lymphoma classification, underscoring why morphologic diagnosis alone may be insufficient for treatment selection. [10]",
        "Use the pathology result to assign the patient to a therapeutic branch rather than relying on the umbrella diagnosis of NHL. DLBCL is the most common NHL subtype and is aggressive; follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, and peripheral T-cell/NK-cell lymphomas have materially different expected tempo, staging needs, and treatment approaches. [1][11][13]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Communicate suspected transformation, rapid clinical tempo, immunosuppression, and extranodal location to pathology because clinical context assists classification of heterogeneous large B-cell and T-cell processes. [1][13]",
        "Do not infer an indolent course solely from nodal distribution; DLBCL may arise in nodal or extranodal sites, including gastrointestinal tract, testis, and CNS. [13]",
        "Recognize that marginal zone lymphoma comprises extranodal MALT-type, nodal, and splenic forms, which should not be managed as a single interchangeable entity. [12]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Selected NHL branches requiring different management pathways. [1][11][12][13]",
        "columns": [
          "Entity or group",
          "Clinical implication",
          "Management consequence"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "DLBCL",
            "Aggressive B-cell lymphoma; the most common adult NHL subtype and may be nodal or extranodal. [13]",
            "Complete staging and initiate prompt curative-intent systemic treatment planning after diagnostic classification. [1][11]"
          ],
          [
            "Burkitt lymphoma",
            "Rapid onset and aggressive clinical behavior. [14]",
            "Treat as an urgent hematologic malignancy after expedited diagnostic confirmation and assessment for CNS involvement. [14][24]"
          ],
          [
            "Follicular lymphoma",
            "Typically indolent with potentially prolonged waxing and waning adenopathy. [11]",
            "Base treatment timing on symptoms and disease burden rather than lymphoma presence alone. [1]"
          ],
          [
            "Mantle cell lymphoma",
            "A distinct B-cell lymphoma in which immunophenotyping materially improves diagnostic accuracy. [10]",
            "Use subtype-specific treatment and relapse planning; CAR T-cell therapy is an established option in relapsed/refractory disease. [20][21]"
          ],
          [
            "Peripheral T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphomas",
            "Generally included among aggressive T-cell lymphoma branches. [1][11]",
            "Avoid extrapolating indolent B-cell lymphoma management; pursue subtype-specific systemic treatment planning. [1]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "staging-and-response-assessment",
      "eyebrow": "Extent of disease",
      "heading": "Stage with PET/CT when lymphoma is FDG-avid and interpret residual uptake cautiously",
      "intro": "Imaging should establish baseline extent and provide an interpretable comparator for response.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Use PET/CT for initial staging of FDG-avid lymphomas and for interim or end-of-treatment response assessment within the Lugano framework. PET/CT has prognostic value across multiple FDG-avid NHL categories, including Burkitt, mantle cell, follicular, NK-cell, and T-cell lymphomas. [16][17]",
        "Use the Deauville 5-point score with PET/CT-based response assessment in FDG-avid disease. In NHL, PET/CT has high negative predictive value, reported at 80% to 100%, but its positive predictive value is lower and variable, reported at 50% to 100%; metabolically active residual lesions therefore warrant confirmation with further imaging or biopsy when the result would trigger a major treatment change. [16]",
        "For non-FDG-avid lymphomas assessed by CT, use Lugano quantitative measurements. Target lymph nodes require a long-axis measurement greater than 1.5 cm, extranodal lesions must measure at least 1.0 cm, and up to six nodal and/or extranodal target lesions are incorporated into bidimensional response measurements. [16]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Document baseline nodal, extranodal, splenic, and CNS-relevant disease sites before treatment because subsequent response classification depends on baseline disease mapping. [16][17]",
        "Do not equate a positive end-of-treatment PET/CT with viable lymphoma without considering biopsy or interval reassessment, particularly when salvage treatment would be consequential. [16]",
        "In Burkitt lymphoma, assess for CNS involvement because involvement is reported at diagnosis in approximately 20% to 30% of patients and is predominantly leptomeningeal. [24]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Response assessment differs according to FDG avidity. [16][17]",
        "columns": [
          "Disease assessment setting",
          "Preferred framework",
          "Interpretation that changes management"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "FDG-avid NHL at staging, interim assessment, or end of treatment",
            "PET/CT with Lugano response assessment and Deauville 5-point scoring [16][17]",
            "A negative PET/CT is prognostically informative; persistent uptake has lower positive predictive value and may require biopsy or further imaging before treatment escalation. [16]"
          ],
          [
            "Non-FDG-avid lymphoma",
            "CT-based Lugano quantitative assessment [16]",
            "Measure qualifying nodes greater than 1.5 cm in long axis and qualifying extranodal lesions at least 1.0 cm; assess up to six target lesions. [16]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "initial-treatment-branching",
      "eyebrow": "Treatment selection",
      "heading": "Match treatment timing and intensity to lymphoma biology",
      "intro": "Histology, stage, involved site, symptoms, and patient fitness determine first-line strategy.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For aggressive NHL, move from classification to subtype-specific systemic treatment planning without delay. DLBCL is the principal aggressive B-cell branch; R-CHOP has remained the longstanding frontline regimen and successfully treats more than 50% of patients with DLBCL, although refractory disease and relapse remain common. [23]",
        "For indolent B-cell lymphomas, treatment initiation is driven by symptom severity and clinical impact, not simply by radiographic disease detection. Follicular lymphoma, CLL/SLL, and splenic marginal zone lymphoma may follow a prolonged course, while disease location can create indications for intervention even when systemic symptoms are absent. [1][11]",
        "Do not use a single treatment framework across B-cell, T-cell, NK-cell, CNS, and gastrointestinal lymphoma. Primary CNS lymphoma, extranodal gastrointestinal lymphoma, marginal zone subtypes, mantle cell lymphoma, and peripheral T-cell lymphomas require disease-specific planning based on site, pathology, and stage. [1][12]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Before anthracycline-containing therapy is selected for DLBCL, integrate age, performance status, and comorbidities into regimen fitness assessment; treatment selection varies with these patient factors. [11][23]",
        "For aggressive B-cell lymphoma with relapse or refractory disease, reassess chemosensitivity, transplant candidacy, and eligibility for CAR T-cell therapy rather than presuming that repeated conventional chemotherapy is optimal. [19][23]",
        "For patients with apparent isolated extranodal disease, confirm whether the site represents a distinct lymphoma entity, because primary CNS, MALT-type marginal zone, and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma are classified and managed differently from generic nodal NHL. [1][10][12]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is potentially curative in multiple-relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Pivotal studies of axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel, and lisocabtagene maraleucel enrolled patients after at least two prior lines of therapy, including patients with chemoresistant disease or relapse within one year after autologous stem-cell transplantation. [19][23]",
            "Refer early to a cellular-therapy center when CAR T-cell therapy is under consideration because disease control while manufacturing proceeds may require bridging therapy. In pivotal large B-cell lymphoma studies, bridging therapy policies differed: ZUMA-1 permitted glucocorticoids only, whereas approximately 90% of JULIET participants and 60% of TRANSCEND-NHL-001 participants received bridging therapy. [23]",
            "Monitor for treatment-specific toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome and tumor lysis syndrome; TLS can occur after CAR T-cell therapy. [8][18]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Mantle cell lymphoma is another relapsed/refractory B-cell NHL setting with approved CAR T-cell therapy; reported liso-cel study eligibility included at least two prior systemic regimens with prior alkylator, BTK inhibitor, and anti-CD20 exposure. [20][21]",
            "For transplant-eligible large B-cell lymphoma, autologous stem-cell transplantation remains a relevant comparator and option in selected relapse settings; treatment sequencing should be individualized to timing of relapse and chemosensitivity. [23]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Treatment branchpoints after diagnostic classification. [1][11][19][20][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical branch",
          "Treatment timing principle",
          "Escalation pathway"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Aggressive DLBCL or other high-grade NHL",
            "Prompt systemic treatment planning after definitive classification because untreated aggressive NHL can be rapidly fatal. [11]",
            "At relapse or refractory disease, assess transplant strategy and early CAR T-cell referral. [19][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Indolent lymphoma without clinically consequential symptoms",
            "Symptoms and disease burden inform when to start treatment. [1]",
            "Continue structured reassessment for symptom progression, organ compromise, or evidence of transformation. [1][11]"
          ],
          [
            "Relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma after multiple therapies",
            "Consider anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy, which may be potentially curative. [19][23]",
            "Plan bridging therapy when needed and monitor for CRS and TLS. [8][18][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma",
            "Use subtype-specific relapse sequencing. [1][20]",
            "CAR T-cell therapy is an approved treatment option; assess prior alkylator, BTK inhibitor, and anti-CD20 exposure. [20][21]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "monitoring-and-reassessment",
      "eyebrow": "Longitudinal care",
      "heading": "Use clinical change and response imaging to trigger reassessment",
      "intro": "Monitoring should detect progression, transformation, residual active disease, and treatment toxicity early enough to alter management.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "During observation of indolent disease, reassess at each visit for new constitutional symptoms, accelerating adenopathy, extranodal symptoms, splenic or abdominal symptoms, and declining functional status. A change from a prolonged waxing-and-waning course to a rapidly progressive systemic illness should prompt repeat tissue evaluation for a more aggressive lymphoma component rather than automatic continuation of an indolent-lymphoma plan. [1][11]",
        "After treatment of FDG-avid NHL, compare interim and end-of-treatment PET/CT results with baseline imaging using Lugano/Deauville interpretation. A metabolically inactive result carries favorable prognostic information, while isolated or equivocal residual uptake should be investigated with repeat imaging or biopsy when confirmation would determine salvage therapy, radiation, transplantation, or cellular therapy. [16]",
        "In patients receiving CAR T-cell therapy, monitor actively for cytokine release syndrome and tumor lysis syndrome. Because cellular-therapy trials enrolled patients with high-risk chemorefractory disease and commonly used bridging treatment, transition planning should include toxicity surveillance and reassessment of lymphoma control after infusion. [8][18][23]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Re-biopsy a new or discordantly progressive FDG-avid lesion when feasible before assigning refractory disease, particularly because PET positivity in NHL is not uniformly specific for viable tumor. [16]",
        "Use CT-based measurable-disease criteria when PET is not the appropriate assessment modality for a non-FDG-avid lymphoma. [16]",
        "Reassess CNS-directed symptoms promptly in high-risk histologies, especially Burkitt lymphoma, in which CNS involvement is common at diagnosis. [24]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Events that should change the monitoring plan. [1][8][11][16][18][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Monitoring finding",
          "Interpretation",
          "Next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "New B symptoms or rapidly enlarging disease during an indolent course",
            "Possible aggressive biology or transformation [11]",
            "Expedite repeat diagnostic evaluation and hematology-oncology reassessment. [1][11]"
          ],
          [
            "Residual PET avidity after therapy",
            "Possible active disease, but positive predictive value is variable in NHL [16]",
            "Use biopsy or additional imaging when the result will alter definitive salvage management. [16]"
          ],
          [
            "Neurologic symptoms in Burkitt lymphoma",
            "Possible CNS involvement, which occurs at diagnosis in approximately 20% to 30% of cases [24]",
            "Perform urgent CNS-directed assessment and integrate findings into treatment planning. [24]"
          ],
          [
            "Fever or inflammatory toxicity after CAR T-cell therapy",
            "Possible cytokine release syndrome [18]",
            "Initiate cellular-therapy toxicity evaluation and management pathway. [18]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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      "title": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/zh-cn/312",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid malignancies. Clinical history and presenting signs/symptoms depend on the type and location of lymphoma, and disease stage at presentation. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of NHL. Treatment varies depending on ",
      "score": 0.8252664
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "Normative data for flow cytometry immunophenotyping ...",
      "detail": "jcp.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://jcp.bmj.com/content/71/2/174",
      "authors": "jcp.bmj.com",
      "host": "jcp.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "by GD Scott · 2018 · Cited by 24 — The role of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, reactive lymph node specimens.",
      "score": 0.5849357
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Normative data for flow cytometry immunophenotyping of ...",
      "detail": "jcp.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/71/2/174.full.pdf",
      "authors": "jcp.bmj.com",
      "host": "jcp.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "by GD Scott · 2018 · Cited by 24 — The role of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, granulomatous inflammation and reactive lymph node",
      "score": 0.5843666
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "The Lancet Specialty Collections: Lymphoma",
      "detail": "www.thelancet.com",
      "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/collections/lymphoma?parent=001788&rel=nofollow&Ppub=%5B20230303+TO+20250303%5D&startPage=0&pageSize=100",
      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
      "host": "www.thelancet.com",
      "snippet": "#### Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone combined with high-dose methotrexate plus intrathecal chemotherapy for newly diagnosed intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (PRIMEUR-IVL): long-term results of a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial00010-0/fulltext). #### ",
      "score": 0.7576693
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "A Prognostic Index for Systemic AIDS-Related Non ...",
      "detail": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-143-4-200508160-00007",
      "authors": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "host": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "snippet": "Stromal immune infiltration in HIV-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with HIV disease history and patient survival. Chun",
      "score": 0.235856
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "ESMO Consensus conferences: guidelines on malignant lymphoma. part 2: marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923753419372114",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Title: ESMO Consensus conferences: guidelines on malignant lymphoma. part 2: marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma - ScienceDirect\n## Annals of Oncology. Volume 24, Issue 4, April 2013, Pages 857-877. # special article ESMO Consensus conferences: guidelines on mali",
      "score": 0.564027
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "B Cell Lymphoma - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/b-cell-lymphoma",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Title: B Cell Lymphoma - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\n# B Cell Lymphoma. ## Molecular Pathogenesis of B Cell Lymphomas. B cell lymphomas (BCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of biologically and clinically distinct neoplasms, including over 40 subtypes derived from the malignant transformatio",
      "score": 0.60498303
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Renal outcomes after chimeric antigen receptor...",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/00005884-202209000-00023",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) can also happen after CAR T-cell therapy. ... CAR-T cell therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Front Immunol2021; 12: 745320.",
      "score": 0.6455898
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Next-Gen immunotherapy inhematological... : Oncology and Translational Medicine",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/01873671-990000000-00147",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Wermke M, Metzelder S, Kraus S, et al. Updated results from a phase I dose escalation study of the rapidly-switchable universal CAR-T therapy UniCAR-T-CD123 in relapsed/refractory AML. Blood. 2023;142(Suppl 1):3465.Cited HereGoogle Scholar \n   ## \n\nBowser B, Yang X, Roach J, et al. Success of centra",
      "score": 0.42005292
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "A Clinical Evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group Classification of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma | Blood | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/89/11/3909/138866/A-Clinical-Evaluation-of-the-International",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "The most common lymphoma types were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (31%) and follicular lymphoma (22%), whereas the new entities comprised 21% of the cases. These include mantle cell lymphoma,10-20 monocytoid B-cell lymphoma,21-28 extranodal lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT),16,29-",
      "score": 0.74363416
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32644754",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Title: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - PubMed\nAn official website of the United States government. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. ## Save citation to file. ## Email citation. Go to  My NCBI account settings  to confirm your email and then refresh this page. ## Create a file for extern",
      "score": 0.71496695
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Chapter 23: Non-Hodgkin lymphomas - ASH Publications",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/books/book/6/chapter/77771/Non-Hodgkin-lymphomas",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, The WHO classification separates the marginal-zone B-cell lymphomas (MZL) into extranodal MZL of MALT type,",
      "score": 0.62934244
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - World Cancer Report - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/iarcwcr2020/sec5.19",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "### Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\n\nDLBCL is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma that accounts for 25–45% of NHL cases. It is the most common adult lymphoma worldwide. DLBCL can originate in lymph nodes or extranodal sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the testis, and the central nervous system. It ",
      "score": 0.6152965
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Chapter 45: Aggressive non-Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphomas",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/books/book/10/chapter/12747144/Aggressive-non-Hodgkin-and-Burkitt-lymphomas",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Burkitt lymphoma is characterized by a rapid onset",
      "score": 0.59033114
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "23: Aggressive non-Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/books/book/8/chapter/10651017/Aggressive-non-Hodgkin-and-Burkitt-lymphoma",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Introduced in the WHO 2008 classification, this diagnosis was defined by overlapping clinical, morphological, or immunophenotypic features between cHL and DLBCL",
      "score": 0.5113512
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "PET/CT Tumor Response Assessment Criteria into Daily Practice",
      "detail": "www.ajnr.org",
      "url": "https://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2019/11/28/ajnr.A6294.full.pdf",
      "authors": "www.ajnr.org",
      "host": "www.ajnr.org",
      "snippet": "Multiple studies demonstrate the significant prognostic value of the Lugano classification and D5PS score in interim and end-of-treatment PET/CTs for a variety of FDG-avid lymphomas, including Burkitt, Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin, mantle cell, follicular, natural killer, and T-cell lymphomas in pediatric a",
      "score": 0.7711725
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Recommendations for Initial Evaluation, Staging, and Response ...",
      "detail": "ascopubs.org",
      "url": "https://ascopubs.org/doi/pdfdirect/10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8800?role=",
      "authors": "ascopubs.org",
      "host": "ascopubs.org",
      "snippet": "assessment of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). ... These criteria strongly recommend PET-CT for staging of ... Hodgkin's Lymphoma",
      "score": 0.6077801
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy and Bispecific Antibody Use in Earlier Lines of Treatment of Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Follicular Lymphoma, and Mantle Cell Lymphoma",
      "detail": "ascopubs.org",
      "url": "https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/EDBK-25-473302",
      "authors": "ascopubs.org",
      "host": "ascopubs.org",
      "snippet": "Abbreviations: ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation; B-NHL, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma; BsAb, bispecific antibody; CHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; CIT, chemoimmunotherapy; CR, complete response; CRS, cytokine release syndrome; ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA; DHL, d",
      "score": 0.7336813
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "A New Era of Targeted Therapy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma",
      "detail": "ascopubs.org",
      "url": "https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/EDBK_279043",
      "authors": "ascopubs.org",
      "host": "ascopubs.org",
      "snippet": "Anti-CD19 CAR T cells are potentially curative therapy for multiple-relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas and are under investigation",
      "score": 0.6899958
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Breyanzi; INN-lisocabtagene maraleucel",
      "detail": "www.ema.europa.eu",
      "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/variation-report/breyanzi-vr-0000265024-epar-assessment-report-variation_en.pdf",
      "authors": "www.ema.europa.eu",
      "host": "www.ema.europa.eu",
      "snippet": "Study Design Study Population Number of Liso-cel Treated Subjects Dosing PK Sampling Timepoints by qPCR Study 017001 Completed LPLV: 16-May-2024 Phase 1, multicenter, open-label study of JCAR017, CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, for relapsed and refractory (R/R) B-cell non-Hodg",
      "score": 0.63804686
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Three-Year Follow-Up of KTE-X19 in Patients With ...",
      "detail": "ascopubs.org",
      "url": "https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.21.02370",
      "authors": "ascopubs.org",
      "host": "ascopubs.org",
      "snippet": "by M Wang · 2023 · Cited by 401 — T-cell therapy is approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma CAR-T cell therapy.",
      "score": 0.5631623
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Kite Pharma, Inc. - HMA-EMA Catalogues",
      "detail": "catalogues.ema.europa.eu",
      "url": "https://catalogues.ema.europa.eu/system/files/2026-04/KT-EU-471-0117-appendix-16.1.1.%20protocol%20amendment%2008_f-redact.pdf",
      "authors": "catalogues.ema.europa.eu",
      "host": "catalogues.ema.europa.eu",
      "snippet": "authorization holder MICE Multiple imputation by chained equations YESCARTA Kite Pharma, Inc. Protocol KT-EU-471-0117 Version 3.2 CONFIDENTIAL Page 7 18 November 2025 NGS Next-generation sequencing NHL Non-Hodgkin lymphoma OOS Out of specification ORR Overall response rate OS Overall survival PASS ",
      "score": 0.5608546
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "CAR T-Cell Therapy or Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Achieving Goals, Best Possible Outcomes",
      "detail": "dailynews.ascopubs.org",
      "url": "https://dailynews.ascopubs.org/do/car-t-cell-therapy-autologous-stem-cell-transplant-large-b-cell-lymphoma-achieving",
      "authors": "dailynews.ascopubs.org",
      "host": "dailynews.ascopubs.org",
      "snippet": "CAR T-cell therapy is an immunotherapy that uses genetically altered T cells to target unprocessed antigens capable of recognizing the tumor cells independently of the human leukocyte antigen system.3 It was named the “2018 Advance of the Year” by ASCO.4 Three pivotal phase 2 trials—ZUMA-1, JULIET, ",
      "score": 0.5510187
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Central Nervous System Prophylaxis and Treatment in ...",
      "detail": "dailynews.ascopubs.org",
      "url": "https://dailynews.ascopubs.org/do/central-nervous-system-prophylaxis-and-treatment-burkitt-lymphoma",
      "authors": "dailynews.ascopubs.org",
      "host": "dailynews.ascopubs.org",
      "snippet": "16.   Olszewski AJ, Chorzalska AD, Petersen M, et al. Detection of clonotypic DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid as a marker of central nervous system invasion in lymphoma. _Blood Adv_. 2021;5(24):5525-5535.\n17.   Frigault MJ, Dietrich J, Gallagher K, et al. Safety and efficacy of tisagenlecleucel in pr",
      "score": 0.5106191
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T02:18:10.094748+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T02:18:10.094748+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 7,
  "slug": "non-hodgkin-lymphoma"
}