{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Cardiology", "title": "Mitral Valve Prolapse", "summary": "Mitral valve prolapse requires management driven by mitral regurgitation burden, left-heart remodeling, symptoms, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary pressure, and a distinct ventricular arrhythmia phenotype rather than leaflet displacement alone.", "seoDescription": "Physician guide to mitral valve prolapse: confirm anatomy, quantify mitral regurgitation, identify surgical triggers, and assess arrhythmic risk.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians evaluate mitral valve prolapse for consequential regurgitation, ventricular remodeling, and ventricular arrhythmia risk?", "specialty": "Cardiology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "mitral valve prolapse", "mitral regurgitation", "arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse", "mitral annular disjunction", "mitral valve repair", "ventricular arrhythmia" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Confirm MVP by systolic displacement of one or both leaflets >2 mm into the left atrium on echocardiography; do not equate MVP anatomy with clinically important mitral regurgitation. [1][7][8]", "In primary MR, LVEF ≤60%, LV end-systolic diameter ≥40 mm, left atrial systolic volume index >60 mL/m², recent-onset atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary hypertension identify adverse remodeling or prognosis that should change surveillance and valve-intervention discussions. [5]", "Grade MR with an integrated echocardiographic assessment; pulmonary-vein systolic flow reversal, pulmonary artery systolic pressure >50 mm Hg without another cause, and mitral E-wave velocity >1.2–1.5 m/s support severe MR. [5]", "Do not use MR severity alone to assess sudden-death risk: bileaflet, multisegment prolapse, mitral annular disjunction, complex ventricular ectopy, and papillary-muscle fibrosis characterize an arrhythmic MVP phenotype. [2][9][24]", "MVP surgery is directed primarily by severe primary MR and its ventricular or clinical consequences; intervention before symptom onset or LVEF/LV end-systolic dimension thresholds has been associated with better survival and functional outcomes. [5]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "confirm-anatomy-and-mechanism", "eyebrow": "Initial assessment", "heading": "Confirm MVP and determine whether regurgitation is primary and consequential", "intro": "The first decision is whether leaflet anatomy has produced clinically important primary MR.", "paragraphs": [ "Diagnose MVP on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) by systolic displacement of part of one or both mitral leaflets into the left atrium; a >2-mm displacement criterion is used in echocardiographic studies. [1][7][8] Document which leaflet segments prolapse, whether involvement is bileaflet or multisegmental, leaflet morphology, and the MR mechanism rather than reporting “MVP” as a stand-alone finding.", "At the index evaluation, obtain history, examination, ECG, and a comprehensive TTE that reports MR severity, LV size and systolic function, left atrial size, and estimated pulmonary pressure. This separates uncomplicated MVP from primary degenerative MR with volume-overload consequences and identifies patients whose referral should focus on repair feasibility. [4][5]", "Use an integrated rather than a single-parameter MR assessment. A dense triangular continuous-wave Doppler MR profile, well-aligned MR velocity <4.5 m/s suggesting elevated left atrial pressure, otherwise unexplained LA or LV dilation, pulmonary artery systolic pressure >50 mm Hg, pulmonary-vein systolic flow reversal, and dominant mitral inflow E-wave velocity >1.2–1.5 m/s in the absence of mitral stenosis support severe MR. [5]" ], "bullets": [ "A soft or incomplete continuous-wave MR jet, normal pulmonary artery systolic pressure, or MR occupying <30% of systole supports mild MR. [5]", "When chamber enlargement, Doppler findings, and apparent jet severity disagree, avoid management decisions based on jet appearance alone; reconcile severity with the integrated TTE assessment. [4][5]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Echocardiographic findings that change classification or urgency in MVP-associated MR. [5]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Interpretation", "Clinical consequence" ], "rows": [ [ "Leaflet systolic displacement >2 mm into the left atrium", "Supports MVP anatomy. [7][8]", "Characterize leaflet segments and assess MR mechanism and severity." ], [ "Pulmonary-vein systolic flow reversal", "Supports severe MR. [5]", "Evaluate for severe primary MR and valve-intervention candidacy." ], [ "Pulmonary artery systolic pressure >50 mm Hg without another cause", "Supports severe MR and identifies adverse hemodynamic consequence. [5]", "Accelerate comprehensive valve assessment and intervention discussion." ], [ "Dilated LA or LV without another cause", "Supports important chronic MR. [5]", "Track remodeling; determine whether severe-MR intervention thresholds are present." ] ] } }, { "id": "identify-intervention-triggers", "eyebrow": "Valve management", "heading": "Use ventricular and clinical consequences to time referral for primary MR intervention", "intro": "Severe primary MR is the management branch that most directly determines need for mitral intervention.", "paragraphs": [ "For MVP with severe primary MR, treat LVEF ≤60% or LV end-systolic diameter ≥40 mm as adverse LV thresholds. In chronic MR, an LVEF that appears numerically preserved can still reflect declining contractile reserve; therefore, do not defer a valve-team assessment until EF is frankly reduced. [5]", "Recent-onset atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, left atrial systolic volume index >60 mL/m², EROA, and flail leaflet are prognostically important features in primary MR. Their presence should prompt reassessment of MR severity and timely evaluation of intervention strategy rather than surveillance based only on symptom status. [5]", "When surgery is selected for degenerative MVP with severe MR, assess the likelihood of durable mitral repair as part of procedural planning. Evidence summarized in the ACC pathway associates surgery before symptoms or before LVEF ≤60% and LV end-systolic diameter ≥40 mm are reached with improved survival and functional outcomes. [5]" ], "bullets": [ "Refer symptomatic severe primary MR for valve-intervention assessment after confirming integrated severe MR and defining valve anatomy. [5]", "Refer asymptomatic severe primary MR when LVEF is ≤60% or LV end-systolic diameter is ≥40 mm. [5]", "Reassess for intervention when severe MR is accompanied by new atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, marked LA enlargement, or a flail leaflet. [5]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Findings in primary MR associated with worse prognosis and a lower threshold for intervention assessment. [5]", "columns": [ "Trigger", "Threshold or feature", "Next step" ], "rows": [ [ "LV systolic function", "LVEF ≤60%. [5]", "Valve-team assessment for severe primary MR." ], [ "LV remodeling", "LV end-systolic diameter ≥40 mm. [5]", "Valve-team assessment for severe primary MR." ], [ "Left atrial remodeling", "LA systolic volume index >60 mL/m². [5]", "Reconfirm MR severity and reassess timing of intervention." ], [ "Rhythm or pressure consequence", "Recent-onset AF or pulmonary hypertension. [5]", "Reassess severe MR and accelerate intervention discussion." ] ] } }, { "id": "arrhythmic-mvp", "eyebrow": "Sudden-death phenotype", "heading": "Screen for arrhythmic MVP independently of MR severity", "intro": "A small MVP subgroup has ventricular-arrhythmic risk that is not explained by MR burden alone.", "paragraphs": [ "Ask specifically about unexplained syncope, exertional presyncope, sustained palpitations, documented ventricular tachycardia, and out-of-hospital arrest. In patients with concerning symptoms, abnormal ECG findings, or high-risk valve morphology, obtain ambulatory rhythm monitoring to define ventricular ectopy burden, complexity, and sustained ventricular arrhythmia; arrhythmic MVP is characterized by MVP with or without mitral annular disjunction plus frequent or complex ventricular ectopy or sustained ventricular arrhythmia when another arrhythmic substrate is not identified. [3][24]", "Bileaflet and extensive multisegment prolapse are prominent in reported malignant MVP cohorts. Mitral annular disjunction should be specifically sought on imaging because it may accompany the arrhythmic phenotype and should not be dismissed as an incidental descriptive finding in a patient with ventricular ectopy or syncope. [2][7][24]", "Escalate imaging evaluation when the rhythm phenotype or valve morphology is concerning. Papillary-muscle fibrosis was present histologically in all cases in one sudden-death series with arrhythmic MVP, linking ventricular arrhythmia assessment to a search for myocardial substrate rather than to MR grading alone. [9] Cardiac magnetic resonance is clinically relevant when it can identify myocardial fibrosis or clarify anatomy in a patient with complex ventricular arrhythmias. [6][11]", "Complex ectopy or sustained ventricular arrhythmia requires evaluation for competing structural, ischemic, inherited, and electrical causes before attributing the rhythm disorder to MVP. The absence of another well-defined arrhythmic substrate is part of the reported arrhythmic-MVP construct. [24]" ], "bullets": [ "Do not reassure solely on the basis of nonsevere MR when bileaflet prolapse, mitral annular disjunction, syncope, or complex ventricular ectopy is present. [2][3][24]", "Use serial echocardiography and ambulatory rhythm assessment in patients with suspected arrhythmic MVP rather than a one-time MR severity assessment. [3]", "Direct patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmia, unexplained syncope plus high-risk MVP features, or prior cardiac arrest to electrophysiology and structural-heart evaluation. [24]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Interpretation of phenotype markers", "paragraphs": [ "No single anatomic feature establishes arrhythmic MVP. The actionable pattern is concordance among high-risk morphology, ventricular ectopy or sustained arrhythmia, and evidence of myocardial substrate. Bileaflet involvement was reported in 70% of arrhythmic MVP sudden-death cases, but risk assessment must integrate rhythm and imaging findings rather than use bileaflet prolapse alone as a deterministic marker. [9][3]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Features that should trigger an arrhythmic MVP evaluation. [2][3][7][9][24]", "columns": [ "Trigger", "Test or finding to obtain", "Interpretation and next action" ], "rows": [ [ "Syncope, sustained palpitations, or known ventricular arrhythmia", "Ambulatory rhythm monitoring. [3][24]", "Define frequent, complex, or sustained ventricular arrhythmia; evaluate for other arrhythmic substrates. [24]" ], [ "Bileaflet or multisegment MVP", "Focused echo characterization; assess for mitral annular disjunction. [2][7]", "Do not rely on MR severity alone for risk assessment. [3]" ], [ "Complex ventricular ectopy with MVP", "Cardiac magnetic resonance when assessment of myocardial substrate will change management. [6][11]", "Look for fibrosis, including papillary-muscle involvement described in arrhythmic MVP. [9][11]" ], [ "Sustained ventricular arrhythmia without another substrate", "Electrophysiology and structural-heart assessment. [24]", "Fits the reported arrhythmic-MVP phenotype when MVP is present with or without mitral annular disjunction. [24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "surveillance-and-prevention", "eyebrow": "Follow-up", "heading": "Match surveillance intensity to MR progression and arrhythmic phenotype", "intro": "Follow-up should track the complication most likely to change management: MR remodeling or ventricular arrhythmia.", "paragraphs": [ "For MVP without significant MR or adverse chamber findings, the clinically useful surveillance target is interval change in MR severity, LV size and function, LA size, pulmonary pressure, symptoms, and rhythm. Repeat comprehensive echocardiography when symptoms change, a murmur changes, atrial fibrillation develops, or prior imaging shows progressive MR or remodeling; severe MR requires closer reassessment because intervention thresholds are defined by LV and clinical consequences. [4][5]", "In suspected arrhythmic MVP, surveillance should include serial echocardiography and ambulatory rhythm assessment rather than MR-focused follow-up alone. Escalate promptly for new syncope, increasing palpitations, complex ectopy, or sustained ventricular arrhythmia. [3][24]", "MVP alone is not an indication for antithrombotic therapy for primary stroke prevention. Antiplatelet therapy described for secondary prevention after ischemic stroke or TIA is not a substitute for determining the actual embolic mechanism or for managing atrial fibrillation according to its separate indication. [14]" ], "bullets": [ "At each review, document interval dyspnea, exercise decline, palpitations, presyncope or syncope, and atrial fibrillation; each may signal progression requiring repeat imaging or rhythm monitoring. [4][5][24]", "For new atrial fibrillation or pulmonary hypertension in a patient with MR, reassess severity and intervention timing rather than attributing the finding to MVP alone. [5]", "Evaluate fever with a new or changed regurgitant murmur or embolic syndrome for infective endocarditis, because MVP can be associated with bacterial endocarditis. [12]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Follow-up events that should trigger reassessment in MVP. [3][4][5][12][24]", "columns": [ "Interval event", "Immediate reassessment", "Management implication" ], "rows": [ [ "New exertional limitation or heart-failure symptoms", "Comprehensive TTE for MR severity, LV function, chamber dimensions, and pulmonary pressure. [4][5]", "Determine whether severe primary MR and intervention triggers are present." ], [ "New atrial fibrillation", "ECG confirmation and comprehensive MR reassessment. [5]", "Recent-onset AF is an adverse prognostic feature in primary MR. [5]" ], [ "Syncope or complex palpitations", "Ambulatory rhythm monitoring; assess morphology and consider CMR for substrate. [3][6][24]", "Evaluate for arrhythmic MVP and competing arrhythmic causes." ], [ "Fever with embolic features or changed murmur", "Evaluate for infective endocarditis. [12]", "MVP is associated with bacterial endocarditis. [12]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [ { "question": "Does nonsevere mitral regurgitation exclude malignant MVP?", "answer": "No. A small MVP subgroup has increased sudden-death risk independent of MR severity; assess symptoms, ambulatory rhythm findings, bileaflet or multisegment prolapse, mitral annular disjunction, and myocardial fibrosis when clinically indicated. [2][3][5][9][24]" }, { "question": "What LVEF should prompt concern in chronic primary MR from MVP?", "answer": "An LVEF ≤60% is an adverse threshold in primary MR, as is LV end-systolic diameter ≥40 mm; either finding warrants valve-intervention assessment when severe primary MR is present. 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Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Mitral-Valve Repair for Mitral-Valve Prolapse", "detail": "www.nejm.org", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMct0806111", "authors": "www.nejm.org", "host": "www.nejm.org", "snippet": "Mitral-valve prolapse is defined as the displacement of some portion of one or both leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole.", "score": 0.3908251 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Mitral valve and left ventricular features in malignant ... - Open Heart", "detail": "openheart.bmj.com", "url": "https://openheart.bmj.com/content/5/2/e000925", "authors": "openheart.bmj.com", "host": "openheart.bmj.com", "snippet": "All mitral valve prolapse sudden death cases had mitral valve characteristics of Barlow disease, with extensive bileaflet multisegmental", "score": 0.42233846 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse: Looking Beyond ... - JACC", "detail": "www.jacc.org", "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaccas.2026.109661", "authors": "www.jacc.org", "host": "www.jacc.org", "snippet": "Risk stratification should not be limited to mitral regurgitation severity and should integrate serial echocardiography, ambulatory", "score": 0.638588 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Left atrial size predicts outcome in severe but asymptomatic mitral regurgitation | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-31163-0", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "At baseline, a comprehensive clinical assessment, including medical history, current medication, physical examination, electrocardiogram, blood tests, and transthoracic echocardiography, was performed. All patients underwent a comprehensive echocardiographic examination by an experienced echocardiog", "score": 0.54521364 }, { "number": 5, "title": "2020 Focused Update of the 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of Mitral Regurgitation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee", "detail": "www.jacc.org", "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.005", "authors": "www.jacc.org", "host": "www.jacc.org", "snippet": "5) Adjunctive criteria that support mild MR include a soft or incomplete MR jet on CW Doppler, normal PA systolic pressure or MR duration <30% of systole.\n\n6) Adjunctive criteria that support severe MR include a dense triangular CW Doppler profile, a well-aligned CW MR jet velocity <4.5 m/s indicati", "score": 0.54245186 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Unlocking the Mysteries of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse by CMR ...", "detail": "www.jacc.org", "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.030", "authors": "www.jacc.org", "host": "www.jacc.org", "snippet": "Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a frequent condition, by transthoracic 3-dimensional echocardiography,", "score": 0.53925073 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Functional Implication of Mitral Annular Disjunction in Mitral Valve ...", "detail": "www.jacc.org", "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.11.022", "authors": "www.jacc.org", "host": "www.jacc.org", "snippet": "Mitral valve (MV) prolapse (MVP) MVP was identified on echocardiography as systolic displacement (>2 mm) of either or both mitral leaflets into", "score": 0.531672 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Prevalence and characteristics of mitral valve prolapse in military young adults in Taiwan of the CHIEF Heart Study | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81648-z", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "falling toward the higher end of the range among previous population-based studies1.\"),2.\"),5.\"),6.\"),21.\"). This might be attributed in part to using a displacement over 2 mm of mitral valve as the only criterion for defining MVP, regardless of considering the thickness of leaflets1.\"),29.\") and po", "score": 0.3485348 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.115.016291", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "A bileaflet involvement was found in 70%. Left ventricular fibrosis was detected at histology at the level of papillary muscles in all patients", "score": 0.61196244 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Mitral Valve Prolapse, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Sudden Death", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034075", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "It is well known that a high degree of valve regurgitation in MVP is an important determinant of the incidence of SCD and that volume overload", "score": 0.5331307 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Mitral Valve Prolapse Induces Regionalized Myocardial Fibrosis", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.121.022332", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "Replacement myocardial fibrosis in patients with mitral valve prolapse: relation to mitral regurgitation, ventricular remodeling and arrhythmia.", "score": 0.5236402 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.113.006702", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "MVP can be associated with significant mitral regurgitation (MR), bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and even sudden death.", "score": 0.5232017 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Mitral Valve Prolapse Patients with Less than Moderate Mitral Regurgitation Exhibit Early Cardiac Chamber Remodeling - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0894731720300389", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Discussion\n\n### Conclusion\n\n## References (18)\n\n### 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines\n\n### J Am Coll Cardiol\n\n### Incidence and predictors ", "score": 0.63152665 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Mitral Valve Prolapse - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mitral-valve-prolapse", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Treatment guidelines recommend no antithrombotic therapy for primary stroke prevention in individuals with mitral valve prolapse, and long-term antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention following ischemic stroke or TIA.34,102\n\nAminoff's Neurology and General Medicine (Fifth Edition)\n\nChapter\n\n##", "score": 0.6133529 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Mitral Valve Regurgitation in the Contemporary Era: Insights Into Diagnosis, Management, and Future Directions", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936878X18301086", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "2024, Journal of the American College of Cardiology Show abstract The “2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery” provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management", "score": 0.5760895 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse: JACC Review Topic of the Week", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718386923", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Herein, the authors review the reported incidence of sudden death to mitral valve prolapse, the clinical profile of at-risk patients, and the", "score": 0.529045 }, { "number": 17, "title": "International Session Poster - Obstetrics and Gynecology", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jog.13207", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "The EA intervals were measured through tricuspid valve (TV-EA) and mitral valve (MV-EA). FGR group data were obtained within one week of delivery", "score": 0.037541617 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Arrhythmogenic mitral valve prolapse—a systematic review of ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joa3.70108", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Several autopsy and observational studies have investigated the link between mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) given", "score": 0.44767818 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Cardiac CT Angiography for the Diagnosis of Mitral Valve Prolapse", "detail": "pubs.rsna.org", "url": "https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2541090393", "authors": "pubs.rsna.org", "host": "pubs.rsna.org", "snippet": "Patients with MVP have an increased risk to develop infective endocarditis, and treatment with anticoagulants may be necessary in patients at risk for stroke", "score": 0.43597415 }, { "number": 20, "title": "ICD-10 and Related Health Statistical Classification of Diseases and ...", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/manuals/2025/2e-vol1-2025.html", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov", "snippet": "• infective NOS\n\n• lenta\n\n• malignant\n\n• septic\n\n• ulcerative\n\nUse additional code (B95-B97), if desired, to identify infectious agent.\n\nI33.9 Acute endocarditis, unspecified\n\n Endocarditis \n\n Myoendocarditis acute or subacute\n\n Periendocarditis\n\nI34 Nonrheumatic mitral valve d", "score": 0.41976747 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Health Supervision for Children With Marfan Syndrome | Pediatrics", "detail": "pediatrics.aappublications.org", "url": "https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/09/24/peds.2013-2063.abstract", "authors": "pediatrics.aappublications.org", "host": "pediatrics.aappublications.org", "snippet": "Mitral valve prolapse syndrome ・ afterload-reducing agents β-blocker) can improve cardiovascular function, but surgical intervention may be", "score": 0.41364354 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Cardiac Computed Tomography for Prosthetic Heart Valve ...", "detail": "pubs.rsna.org", "url": "https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/ryct.250231", "authors": "pubs.rsna.org", "host": "pubs.rsna.org", "snippet": "PHVs include mechanical and biologic valves placed via surgical or transcatheter techniques into an aortic, mitral, pulmonary, or tricuspid", "score": 0.36752048 }, { "number": 23, "title": "[PDF] Hysterectomy Surveillance — United States, 1994–1999 Malaria ...", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13513/cdc_13513_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov", "snippet": "The patient reported no recent travel, having been house-bound for the previous 4–5 months because of his chronic illnesses. He had received 1 unit of packed red blood cells (PRBC) on July 7 and 13; he had also received 1 unit of PRBC, 6 units of platelets, and 6 units of fresh frozen plasma during ", "score": 0.09342148 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Protocol", "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/30/NCT05631730/Prot_002.pdf", "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "snippet": "follow-up of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse in 300 patients: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11(1):42-7. (In eng). DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90164-7. 5. Basso C, Perazzolo Marra M, Rizzo S, et al. Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death. Circulation 2015;132(7):556-66", "score": 0.52948296 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T22:51:34.517996+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T22:51:34.517996+00:00", "readingMinutes": 5, "slug": "mitral-valve-prolapse" }