{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Hematology",
  "title": "Iron Deficiency Anemia Thresholds",
  "summary": "Diagnose iron deficiency anemia by integrating hemoglobin with ferritin and transferrin saturation, then adjust interpretation for inflammation, CKD, and discordant indices. A ferritin threshold of 45 ng/mL improves diagnostic sensitivity in anemic patients undergoing gastrointestinal evaluation.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to ferritin and transferrin saturation thresholds for iron deficiency anemia, including inflammation, CKD, and GI evaluation.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "Which laboratory thresholds establish iron deficiency anemia and how should discordant iron studies change the diagnostic workup?",
  "specialty": "Hematology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "iron deficiency anemia",
    "ferritin cutoff",
    "transferrin saturation",
    "serum transferrin receptor",
    "anemia of inflammation",
    "gastrointestinal evaluation"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "In patients with anemia, use serum ferritin <45 ng/mL rather than <15 ng/mL to diagnose iron deficiency when determining need for gastrointestinal evaluation. [20]",
    "Ferritin, serum iron, transferrin/TIBC, and transferrin saturation are altered by acute-phase responses; do not exclude iron deficiency from a non-low ferritin when inflammation, infection, malignancy, CKD, or severe obesity is present. [22][23]",
    "A low soluble serum transferrin receptor supports iron deficiency in the setting of inflammation because transferrin receptor testing more effectively separated combined iron deficiency/anemia of chronic disease from anemia of chronic disease than ferritin in comparative data. [23]",
    "In children aged 6 months to 12 years, transferrin saturation <16% is evidence of iron deficiency only when serum iron is below the age-specific lower limit. [15]",
    "Unexplained iron deficiency anemia warrants gastrointestinal investigation because ulcers and malignant tumors are important potential sources of chronic blood loss. [23]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "initial-testing",
      "eyebrow": "Initial assessment",
      "heading": "Order ferritin with the anemia evaluation",
      "intro": "Use iron indices to establish deficiency before attributing anemia to chronic disease or dietary intake.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For an anemic patient in whom iron deficiency is plausible, obtain serum ferritin with serum iron, transferrin or total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and calculate transferrin saturation (TSAT). Ferritin reflects total body iron stores, but conventional iron studies are substantially affected by acute-phase responses; interpretation must therefore incorporate concurrent inflammatory, infectious, malignant, renal, and obesity-related conditions. [9][22][23]",
        "Use ferritin <45 ng/mL as the diagnostic cutoff for iron deficiency in patients with anemia undergoing evaluation for a gastrointestinal source. This threshold is preferred over ferritin <15 ng/mL by the American Gastroenterological Association for this clinical context. A ferritin above 45 ng/mL does not independently exclude iron deficiency when acute-phase elevation is likely. [20][23]",
        "Do not use a single serum iron value as a standalone rule-in or rule-out test. Serum iron, TIBC/transferrin, TSAT, and ferritin can all be distorted by an acute-phase response; a discordant profile should trigger assessment for inflammation and consideration of soluble transferrin receptor testing rather than premature classification as isolated anemia of chronic disease. [23]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Record concurrent CKD, active infection, inflammatory disease, malignancy, and severe obesity before interpreting ferritin; each can be associated with hepcidin-mediated restriction of iron availability. [22]",
        "Ask specifically about menstrual blood loss, blood donation, dietary iron bioavailability, bariatric surgery or other malabsorptive states, inflammatory bowel disease, and overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding; these exposures determine the next etiologic evaluation after deficiency is identified. [18][19][22]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Thresholds and interpretation rules for iron deficiency testing. [15][20][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical setting",
          "Test or pattern",
          "Actionable interpretation",
          "Next decision"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Anemia with possible gastrointestinal blood loss",
            "Ferritin <45 ng/mL",
            "Diagnose iron deficiency using the AGA-recommended ferritin cutoff for anemic patients. [20]",
            "Evaluate for a source of iron loss, with particular attention to gastrointestinal pathology. [20][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Inflammation, infection, malignancy, CKD, or severe obesity",
            "Ferritin not clearly low; conventional iron indices discordant",
            "Ferritin and serum iron/TSAT indices may be affected by acute-phase responses and may not distinguish iron deficiency from anemia of chronic disease. [22][23]",
            "Order soluble transferrin receptor when the result will distinguish absolute deficiency from inflammatory iron restriction. [23]"
          ],
          [
            "Child age 6 months to 12 years",
            "TSAT <16% plus serum iron below the age-specific lower limit",
            "This combination provides evidence of iron deficiency; TSAT <16% alone is insufficient because normal TSAT is lower in children than adults. [15]",
            "Interpret against pediatric reference ranges and corroborate with ferritin and CBC indices. [15]"
          ],
          [
            "Cyanotic congenital heart disease",
            "Ferritin ≤15 μg/L and TSAT ≤15%",
            "These thresholds defined iron deficiency in the cited adult cohort and should not be generalized as universal diagnostic cutoffs. [7]",
            "Use disease-specific hematology assessment rather than applying the general gastrointestinal-evaluation threshold without context. [7]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "discordant-studies",
      "eyebrow": "Diagnostic branch point",
      "heading": "Resolve low availability versus low stores in inflammation and CKD",
      "intro": "The key distinction is absolute iron deficiency versus functional iron deficiency from hepcidin-mediated iron restriction.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Anemia of chronic kidney disease can combine dialysis-related blood loss, increased hepcidin from both increased production and reduced clearance, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent–driven demand. This combination can produce functional iron deficiency: iron stores may be present but insufficiently mobilized to support erythropoiesis. [22]",
        "Inflammatory states, chronic infection, malignancy, and severe obesity can raise hepcidin and reduce intestinal iron absorption or iron release from stores. Therefore, a ferritin result that is not below the usual deficiency cutoff is not decisive in these settings, particularly if the clinical phenotype and TSAT suggest limited circulating iron availability. [22][23]",
        "When standard studies are equivocal, obtain soluble serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), if locally available. In comparative data, sTfR identified iron deficiency despite concurrent inflammation or infection and more effectively differentiated combined iron deficiency plus anemia of chronic disease from anemia of chronic disease alone than ferritin. [23]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Favor combined absolute iron deficiency plus inflammatory anemia when an inflammatory disorder coexists with laboratory evidence of iron deficiency supported by sTfR; pursue both iron replacement and the underlying inflammatory or bleeding cause. [23]",
        "Favor functional iron deficiency in CKD when the clinical context includes CKD-associated hepcidin excess and ESA exposure; interpret iron testing within the CKD anemia strategy rather than assuming a normal ferritin represents adequate iron delivery. [22]",
        "Consider iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia when microcytic, hypochromic anemia is persistent and the history does not identify bleeding or acquired malabsorption; TMPRSS6 mutations cause inappropriately high hepcidin that limits absorption and release of stored iron. [22]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "What a normal or elevated ferritin does not exclude",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Ferritin is an acute-phase reactant and may be misleading in anemia accompanying infection, inflammation, or malignancy. A diagnostic label of anemia of chronic disease should not terminate the evaluation if blood loss, malabsorption, or clinical features of iron deficiency remain plausible; use sTfR to test for superimposed deficiency and investigate the likely source if deficiency is confirmed. [23]"
          ],
          "bullets": []
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Practical interpretation of discordant iron studies in high-hepcidin states. [22][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Pattern",
          "Most relevant mechanism",
          "Test that changes classification",
          "Clinical next step"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Inflammatory disease with anemia and non-low ferritin",
            "Acute-phase alteration of ferritin and other conventional iron indices. [23]",
            "Soluble transferrin receptor. [23]",
            "If sTfR supports deficiency, evaluate for blood loss or malabsorption in addition to managing inflammation. [19][23]"
          ],
          [
            "CKD, especially dialysis or ESA exposure",
            "High hepcidin, dialysis-related blood loss, and increased erythropoietic iron demand can cause functional deficiency. [22]",
            "Contextual CKD anemia assessment; conventional indices alone may be misleading. [22]",
            "Use CKD-specific iron replacement planning and monitor hematologic response and iron indices. [1][2]"
          ],
          [
            "Persistent microcytic hypochromic anemia without an acquired explanation",
            "TMPRSS6-related iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia causes excessive hepcidin activity. [22]",
            "Evaluate for inherited iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia after excluding acquired blood loss and malabsorption. [22]",
            "Avoid repeated empiric oral-iron cycles without clarifying the mechanism of poor response. [19][22]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "etiologic-workup",
      "eyebrow": "After confirmation",
      "heading": "Use confirmed deficiency to direct the source evaluation",
      "intro": "Replacing iron without identifying ongoing loss or malabsorption can miss treatable gastrointestinal disease.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "In adult men and postmenopausal women, chronic gastrointestinal blood loss is a common mechanism of iron deficiency anemia; potential causes include peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular lesions, and gastrointestinal cancer. Unexplained iron deficiency anemia warrants extensive gastrointestinal investigation because ulcers and malignant tumors are important potential sources. [18][23]",
        "In menstruating patients, quantify menstrual blood loss but do not assume it fully explains persistent, severe, recurrent, or treatment-unresponsive deficiency. Heavy menstrual bleeding, bariatric surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, and autoimmune gastritis are clinically relevant causes of inadequate iron absorption or ongoing loss. [17][19]",
        "If bidirectional gastrointestinal evaluation does not establish a cause, reassess for impaired absorption. Celiac disease, autoimmune gastritis, and H. pylori infection are recognized acquired explanations for otherwise unexplained iron deficiency; treating celiac disease with a gluten-free diet or eradicating H. pylori can correct the anemia when these conditions are causal. [19]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Document blood donation frequency because regular donors can develop iron deficiency and anemia. [22]",
        "Review intensity of exercise when the history suggests excess iron loss or deficiency risk; occult gastrointestinal blood loss and intense exercise are alternative causes that may not be apparent from routine laboratory data alone. [6]",
        "Escalate beyond dietary counseling when iron deficiency anemia occurs in a higher-income setting outside groups with increased physiologic iron needs, because chronic blood loss and impaired absorption are important alternative explanations. [22]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Etiologic branches after iron deficiency anemia is established. [18][19][22][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical branch",
          "Discriminating history or finding",
          "Targeted next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Occult gastrointestinal blood loss",
            "Adult man, postmenopausal patient, unexplained anemia, or no sufficient non-GI explanation. [18][23]",
            "Pursue gastrointestinal investigation for ulcerative and malignant lesions. [23]"
          ],
          [
            "Gynecologic loss",
            "Heavy menstrual bleeding. [17][18]",
            "Quantify bleeding and evaluate persistent or recurrent deficiency for additional losses or malabsorption. [17][19]"
          ],
          [
            "Acquired malabsorption",
            "Bariatric surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, autoimmune gastritis, or H. pylori gastritis. [17][19]",
            "Test and treat the implicated disorder; use intravenous rather than oral iron when oral therapy is inappropriate or ineffective. [17][19]"
          ],
          [
            "Inherited high-hepcidin disorder",
            "Persistent microcytic hypochromic anemia lacking an acquired explanation. [22]",
            "Consider iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia and evaluate for TMPRSS6-associated disease. [22]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "monitoring-response",
      "eyebrow": "Response as confirmation",
      "heading": "Use treatment response to detect an incorrect diagnosis or unaddressed cause",
      "intro": "Follow both hematologic recovery and iron repletion; these may not improve on the same timetable.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit together with iron storage parameters during parenteral iron replacement. With iron dextran, serum iron, TIBC, and TSAT are specified monitoring measures; iron storage parameters can improve before hematologic parameters, and ferritin may not accurately reflect body stores in chronic dialysis. [1]",
        "Failure to obtain an expected clinical or hematologic response should prompt reassessment of adherence and tolerability with oral iron, continued bleeding, malabsorption, inflammation-associated iron restriction, CKD-related functional deficiency, or iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Oral iron commonly causes gastrointestinal adverse effects that can compromise adherence; intravenous iron is preferred when oral iron is intolerable, ineffective, or inappropriate, including after bariatric surgery or in inflammatory bowel disease. [17][19][22]",
        "Do not use early ferritin improvement as proof that anemia has corrected. For parenteral iron, storage indices may improve before hemoglobin and hematocrit; continue monitoring until both anemia and iron replacement goals are addressed while concurrently treating the loss or absorption disorder. [1][19]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "For patients receiving iron sucrose, monitor for hypersensitivity reactions and hypotension during and after each administration; do not administer to patients with iron overload. [2]",
        "Iron dextran carries a warning for anaphylactic-type reactions; use only with readiness to manage a severe infusion reaction and monitor hematologic and iron parameters during therapy. [1]",
        "In chronic dialysis, avoid relying on ferritin alone to estimate iron stores because the product labeling notes that ferritin may be inaccurate in this population. [1]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Monitoring points that alter interpretation during iron replacement. [1][2][17]",
        "columns": [
          "Situation",
          "Monitor",
          "Interpretation and action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Parenteral iron replacement",
            "Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, TIBC, and TSAT. [1]",
            "Storage measures may improve before hematologic measures; continue assessment of anemia response rather than relying on an early iron-index change. [1]"
          ],
          [
            "Chronic dialysis",
            "Hematologic measures and multiple iron indices. [1]",
            "Ferritin may not accurately represent body iron stores; do not base repletion decisions on ferritin alone. [1]"
          ],
          [
            "Poor response to oral iron",
            "Adherence, gastrointestinal adverse effects, bleeding history, and malabsorption evaluation. [17][19]",
            "Address the cause and consider intravenous iron when oral therapy is intolerable, unresponsive, or inappropriate. [17]"
          ],
          [
            "Intravenous iron administration",
            "Symptoms and signs of hypersensitivity and hypotension during and after administration. [2]",
            "Withhold further administration and manage infusion reactions; avoid iron administration in iron overload. [2]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "Is ferritin below 15 ng/mL required to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?",
      "answer": "No. For patients with anemia undergoing gastrointestinal evaluation, the AGA recommends ferritin <45 ng/mL rather than <15 ng/mL as the diagnostic cutoff for iron deficiency. [20]"
    },
    {
      "question": "What test is most useful when ferritin is not low but inflammation is present?",
      "answer": "Order soluble serum transferrin receptor when the distinction between anemia of chronic disease and concomitant iron deficiency will change management. It is less confounded by inflammatory or infectious states than ferritin and performed better than ferritin for identifying combined deficiency in comparative data. [23]"
    },
    {
      "question": "Can ferritin be used alone in a patient receiving chronic dialysis?",
      "answer": "No. Iron dextran labeling states that ferritin may not accurately reflect body iron stores in chronic dialysis; monitor hematologic response with serum iron, TIBC, and TSAT rather than ferritin alone. [1]"
    }
  ],
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  "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.",
  "citations": [
    {
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      "detail": "dailymed.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/downloadpdffile.cfm?setid=abacb7fa-2fc2-471e-9200-944eeac8ca2a",
      "authors": "dailymed.nlm.nih.gov",
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      "snippet": "2.2 Recommended Dosage for Iron Deficiency Anemia Calculate the INFeD dose based upon Table 1 and formulas below. Continue INFeD until hemoglobin is within the normal range and iron stores are replete.\nAdminister daily doses of no more than 2 mL of INFeD until the total required dose is administered",
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    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "These highlights do not include all the information needed to use VENOFER ® safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for VENOFER.Venofer (iron sucrose) injection, for intravenous useInitial U.S. Approval:  2000",
      "detail": "dailymed.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=b998ef36-81fa-40a1-9cd1-6d6156f91564",
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      "snippet": "|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n ---  ---  --- |\n| \\ EPO=Erythropoietin | | | | | |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n ---  ---  --- |\n| Body System/Adverse Reactions | HDD-CKD | NDD-CKD | | PDD-CKD | |\n| Venofer | Venofer | Oral Iron | Venofer | EPO\\ Only |\n| (N=231) | (N=139) | (N=139) | (N=75) | (N=46) |\n| % | % | % | % |",
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      "title": "VENOFER (IRON SUCROSE INJECTION,USP) 100mg ...",
      "detail": "dailymed.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=c59cb54c-bee5-96d6-e053-2995a90a767c",
      "authors": "dailymed.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "dailymed.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "with intravenous iron preparations occur within 30 minutes of the completion of the infusion see Adverse Reactions ( [6.1 and 6.2)]. [...] For iron maintenance treatment: Administer Venofer at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every four weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow i",
      "score": 0.27796072
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/60/10/1309",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "Intravenous iron sucrose is reasonably well tolerated (35% of patients have mild side effects including abdominal pain, nausea, headache and diarrhoea), with a low incidence of serious adverse reactions (0.03–0.04%).48 49 Bolus intravenous dosing of iron sucrose (200 mg iron) over 10 min is licensed",
      "score": 0.66203266
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the ... - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/early/2021/09/15/gutjnl-2021-325210.full.pdf",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "ng8/​ resources/​ chronic-​ kidney-​ disease-​ managing-​ anaemia-​ pdf-​ 51046844101 142 Okam MM, Koch TA, Tran M-­ H. Iron deficiency anemia treatment response to oral iron therapy: a pooled analysis of five randomized controlled trials. Haematologica 2016;101:e6–7. 143 Bentley DP, Jacobs A. Accum",
      "score": 0.61279696
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "Absolute and Functional Iron Deficiency in the US, 2017-2020",
      "detail": "jamanetwork.com",
      "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2823909",
      "authors": "jamanetwork.com",
      "host": "jamanetwork.com",
      "snippet": "Alternative causes of iron deficiency, such as occult gastrointestinal blood loss and intense exercise, were not assessed. Our study also",
      "score": 0.34237418
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Blood Viscosity and its Relationship to Iron Deficiency, Symptoms, and Exercise Capacity in Adults With Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease",
      "detail": "www.jacc.org",
      "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.040",
      "authors": "www.jacc.org",
      "host": "www.jacc.org",
      "snippet": "or iron-replete. Iron deficiency was defined by a transferrin saturation (Tsat) ≤ 15% (17) and a ferritin level ≤15 μg/l. [...] | Transferrin saturation (%) | 33/20 | 9/9 | <0.001 |\n| Ferritin (μg/l) | 39/54 | 7/10 | <0.001 |\n| P 50 of o 2-Hb curve (mm Hg) | 28.5±2.1 | 31.1±2.8 | 0.021 | [...] | Fer",
      "score": 0.42605945
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Anemia is associated with worse symptoms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure",
      "detail": "www.jacc.org",
      "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/s0735-1097%2802%2901854-5",
      "authors": "www.jacc.org",
      "host": "www.jacc.org",
      "snippet": "JEFFREY WANG, XIANGQIN CUI, SERENA C. HOUGHTON, MARC D. THAMES, DANIEL T. MATHEW, LAURA TARKO, KELLY CHO, PETER W.F. WILSON, JACOB JOSEPH, Anemia Is Associated With Incident Heart Failure in Younger Males, Journal of Cardiac Failure - Intersections, 10.1016/j.yjcafi.2025.09.002, 1, 2, (100-109), (20",
      "score": 0.32082182
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Iron Deficiency Anemia : Annals of Internal Medicine - In the Clinic",
      "detail": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.7326/ANNALS-25-04416",
      "authors": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "host": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "snippet": "It reflects total body iron stores, with a ferritin level of 1 μg/L correlating with 8 mg of storage iron ( 44 ). However, interpretation of ferritin in people",
      "score": 0.48060113
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Reticulocyte hemoglobin content associated with the risk of iron ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)01440-3",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (MCHr) was recognized as a rapid and reliable marker for investigating iron deficiency (ID). ferritin (Ferrit),",
      "score": 0.45900398
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Exploring erythropoiesis: aging through the lens of malaria and ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/fulltext/S1471-4922(25)00283-1",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "Anemia in CKD, anemia of chronic inflammation, and UA share several features such as disruptions in erythropoiesis and iron metabolism,",
      "score": 0.21611117
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Review - Cell Press",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(10)00718-X.pdf",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 100, 3776–",
      "score": 0.12632124
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "A Red Carpet for Iron Metabolism - Cell Press",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)31750-0",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease. Blood. 2002; 100:3776-3781.",
      "score": 0.12105074
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure | Circulation",
      "detail": "www.ahajournals.org",
      "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.118.030099",
      "authors": "www.ahajournals.org",
      "host": "www.ahajournals.org",
      "snippet": "Anemia and iron deficiency are important and common comorbidities that often coexist in patients with heart failure. kidney disease (CKD),",
      "score": 0.53895956
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children: Normal developmental changes - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347677808792",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "A group of 359 healthy children and 49 adults were studied for the purpose of estimating the normallimits for serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation. The 144 children and seven adults who had any other laboratory evidence of iron deficiency (abnormal values of serum ferritin, free eryth",
      "score": 0.4858686
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Free Erythrocyte Porphyrin Hemoglobin Ratios, Serum Ferritin, and Transferrin Saturation Levels During Treatment of Infants With Iron-Deficiency Anemia - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006497120708840",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Title: Free Erythrocyte Porphyrin Hemoglobin Ratios, Serum Ferritin, and Transferrin Saturation Levels During Treatment of Infants With Iron-Deficiency Anemia - ScienceDirect\n## Blood. Volume 49, Issue 3, 1 March 1977, Pages 455-462. # ARTICLES Free Erythrocyte Porphyrin Hemoglobin Ratios, Serum Fer",
      "score": 0.30809703
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Optimizing diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and iron ...",
      "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijgo.14949",
      "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "and are widely available and inexpensive, oral iron is frequently associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects for the majority—a major reason for poor adherence, inadequate repletion, and persisting ID symptoms and sequellae. Although safe intravenous iron administration was introduced in the m",
      "score": 0.53123426
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Iron Deficiency Anemia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/iron-deficiency-anemia",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Pediatric Surgery (Seventh Edition)\n\nChapter\n\n## Hematologic Diseases\n\n### Iron Deficiency Anemia\n\nIron deficiency anemia is the most commonly diagnosed anemia in the industrialized world. Its cause is usually due to chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, chronic gastrointestinal bleeding) or to in",
      "score": 0.751375
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Pathogenesis and Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Emerging Role of Celiac Disease, Helicobacter pylori, and Autoimmune Gastritis",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0037196309000997",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "The causes of iron deficiency vary significantly during different stages of life, and according to gender and socioeconomic circumstances. Although dietary iron is important, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is mostly attributed to blood loss and may be the presenting clinical feature of occult bleeding",
      "score": 0.7197191
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Gastrointestinal Evaluation ...",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)34847-2/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "snippet": "In patients with anemia, the AGA recommends using a cutoff of 45 ng/mL over 15 ng/mL when using ferritin to diagnose iron deficiency.",
      "score": 0.68140936
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Ferritin reference ranges and improving diagnosis of iron deficiency without anemia | Blood | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/146/Supplement%201/2609/550248/Ferritin-reference-ranges-and-improving-diagnosis",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Results: As of August 5, 2025, clinical data has been extracted from 228 patients with serum ferritin measured in a primary care setting between May 5, 2025-June 5, 2025. Using current age- and sex-specific reference ranges, 43 (19%) had IDA and 36 (16%) had IDWA using current laboratory LLNs. Of th",
      "score": 0.6490677
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment | Hematology, ASH Education Program | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2015/1/8/20735/Iron-deficiency-new-insights-into-diagnosis-and",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Title: Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment | Hematology, ASH Education Program | American Society of Hematology\nAlso regular blood donors may develop iron deficiency and anemia after multiple donations.3 Insufficient iron intake, diets containing poorly bioavailable sources of",
      "score": 0.5697814
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Serum Transferrin Receptor and Its Ratio to Serum Ferritin in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency | Blood | American Society of Hematology",
      "detail": "ashpublications.org",
      "url": "https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/89/3/1052/139028/Serum-Transferrin-Receptor-and-Its-Ratio-to-Serum",
      "authors": "ashpublications.org",
      "host": "ashpublications.org",
      "snippet": "Unexplained iron deficiency anemia warrants extensive investigations of the gastrointestinal tract, since the probability of ulcers or malignant tumors as the cause of excessive blood loss is relatively high.1 Using laboratory tests, distinguishing between iron deficiency anemia and the anemia that ",
      "score": 0.52802294
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and ... - AAP Publications",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/126/5/1040/65343/Diagnosis-and-Prevention-of-Iron-Deficiency-and",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "## Staff\n\nDebra L. Burrowes, MHA\n\ndburrowes@aap.org\n\nThe guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.\n\nAll clinical reports from the American Academy of",
      "score": 0.45318982
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T22:18:21.913019+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T22:18:21.913019+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 5,
  "slug": "iron-deficiency-anemia-thresholds"
}