{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Gastroenterology", "title": "IBD Flare Infection Testing", "summary": "Test symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease flares for enteric infection before attributing symptoms to inflammatory activity. Stool pathogen testing and C. difficile assays direct therapy, while fecal calprotectin, inflammatory markers, endoscopy, and imaging distinguish active mucosal disease from complications or functional symptoms.", "seoDescription": "Practical testing strategy for infection during inflammatory bowel disease flares, including C. difficile, stool pathogens, calprotectin, imaging, and escalation.", "clinicalQuestion": "Which infection tests should be obtained during a suspected IBD flare, and how should results change the next diagnostic step?", "specialty": "Gastroenterology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "IBD flare", "Crohn disease", "ulcerative colitis", "Clostridioides difficile", "stool pathogen testing", "fecal calprotectin", "infectious colitis" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "In symptomatic Crohn disease, obtain stool testing for fecal pathogens and C. difficile together with fecal calprotectin; symptoms alone cannot distinguish inflammatory activity from infectious enteritis or colitis. [10]", "Hospitalized patients with IBD should undergo stool culture, two-step C. difficile testing, and cross-sectional imaging to assess for toxic megacolon, intra-abdominal abscess, or obstruction. [1]", "Use fecal calprotectin as an adjunct—not a pathogen test—to identify intestinal inflammation; a cutoff above 50-100 μg/g helps distinguish inflammatory from noninflammatory colonic disease. [10]", "Do not treat an apparent flare with empiric antibiotics unless there is superinfection, intra-abdominal abscess, or sepsis; give LMWH venous thromboembolism prophylaxis promptly during complicated or emergency IBD admissions. [20]", "If symptoms persist after infection is excluded or treated, reassess objective inflammation with fecal calprotectin, endoscopy with biopsy, and cross-sectional imaging before escalating IBD-directed therapy. [3]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "when-to-test", "eyebrow": "Initial decision", "heading": "Who needs infection testing during an IBD flare", "intro": "Test before labeling new diarrhea, urgency, bleeding, or abdominal pain as inflammatory relapse.", "paragraphs": [ "For Crohn disease with symptoms suggesting active disease, obtain stool testing for fecal pathogens and C. difficile and measure fecal calprotectin (FC). The purpose is to identify an enteric infection that changes immediate treatment and to establish whether objective intestinal inflammation accompanies symptoms. Initial laboratory evaluation should also assess inflammation, anemia, dehydration, and malnutrition. [10]", "The threshold to test should be low because infectious enteritis and colitis overlap clinically with IBD activity. Routine clinical and laboratory features did not predict infectious colitis in a hospitalized flare cohort, so neither IBD phenotype, biologic exposure, smoking history, nor routine admission findings should be used to omit infection testing. [5]", "In hospitalized IBD, perform stool culture, two-step C. difficile testing, and cross-sectional imaging as part of the initial evaluation. This combination addresses two simultaneous questions: whether infection is driving symptoms and whether severe inflammation has produced a complication requiring urgent procedural or surgical management. [1]" ], "bullets": [ "Send stool studies before initiating targeted escalation for a presumed flare when a specimen can be obtained without delaying stabilization. [5][10]", "Do not use a normal CRP or erythrocyte sedimentation rate to exclude active inflammation: up to 40% of patients with mild IBD inflammation may have normal values. [10]", "Use cross-sectional imaging early in hospitalized patients when toxic megacolon, abscess, or bowel obstruction is a concern. [1]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Initial testing distinguishes infection, inflammatory activity, and structural complications in symptomatic IBD. [1][10]", "columns": [ "Clinical setting", "Tests to obtain", "Result or concern", "Immediate next action" ], "rows": [ [ "Ambulatory symptomatic Crohn disease", "Fecal pathogen testing, C. difficile testing, FC; laboratories for inflammation, anemia, dehydration, and malnutrition. [10]", "Positive pathogen assay or C. difficile test", "Direct management to the identified infection rather than attributing symptoms solely to IBD activity. [10]" ], [ "Ambulatory symptoms with FC >50-100 μg/g", "Interpret FC with the clinical assessment and stool infection results. [10]", "Supports inflammatory rather than noninflammatory colonic disease; FC remains inflammation-specific, not IBD-specific. [10][17]", "Assess disease extent and severity with endoscopy and/or cross-sectional imaging when the result will guide escalation. [3][10]" ], [ "Hospitalized IBD", "Stool culture, two-step C. difficile testing, cross-sectional imaging. [1]", "Toxic megacolon, abscess, or obstruction suspected or identified", "Manage as complicated IBD; involve gastroenterology and surgery early when severe or refractory disease is present. [1][20]" ] ] } }, { "id": "c-difficile-testing", "eyebrow": "Highest-yield pathogen", "heading": "Test for C. difficile with every clinically significant flare", "intro": "C. difficile is a frequent, consequential mimic and cofactor of IBD activity.", "paragraphs": [ "Use a two-step C. difficile testing strategy for hospitalized IBD. C. difficile infection is associated with increased hospitalization, therapy intensification or failure, and surgical rates in IBD; patients with IBD also have greater risk of severe and recurrent CDI than patients without IBD. [1][2]", "A positive C. difficile result should not automatically end the assessment for concomitant IBD activity. CDI can be the principal cause of diarrhea, coexist with active colitis, or reveal a patient whose inflammatory disease needs reassessment after infection-directed management. Follow clinical trajectory and objective inflammatory assessment rather than symptoms alone when deciding whether IBD therapy requires adjustment. [2][3]", "For recurrent CDI in IBD, microbiota-directed treatment is an evolving management area. The AGA review identifies unapproved fecal microbiota transplantation and FDA-approved donor-derived therapies as options of interest for recurrent CDI, but the choice requires infection-specific management and individualized assessment of active IBD. [2]" ], "bullets": [ "Obtain C. difficile testing even when a patient has established IBD and a symptom pattern resembling prior flares. [10]", "Interpret a positive result in the full clinical context because CDI and inflammatory activity may coexist. [2]", "Reevaluate persistent symptoms after CDI-directed treatment with objective inflammatory testing rather than escalating therapy on symptoms alone. [3]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "C. difficile results should redirect—not truncate—the flare evaluation. [2][3][10]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Interpretation", "Next decision" ], "rows": [ [ "Positive two-step C. difficile test in symptomatic hospitalized IBD", "CDI is clinically important in IBD and is associated with worse outcomes, including increased hospitalization and surgical rates. [1][2]", "Institute infection-directed management and reassess for coexisting inflammatory activity if symptoms or objective inflammation persist. [2][3]" ], [ "Negative C. difficile test with elevated FC or other evidence of intestinal inflammation", "C. difficile is less likely to explain symptoms; elevated FC indicates intestinal inflammation but does not identify its cause. [10][17]", "Assess IBD activity and complications with endoscopy with biopsy and/or cross-sectional imaging. [3]" ], [ "Recurrent CDI in IBD", "IBD confers increased recurrence risk. [2]", "Use recurrent-CDI management pathways; consider microbiota-based options where clinically appropriate. [2]" ] ] } }, { "id": "interpreting-inflammatory-markers", "eyebrow": "After stool collection", "heading": "Use fecal calprotectin to separate inflammatory activity from symptom burden", "intro": "FC supports triage to endoscopy or imaging but cannot identify a specific infectious cause.", "paragraphs": [ "FC is a neutrophil-derived marker of intestinal inflammation. In Crohn disease, an FC cutoff above 50-100 μg/g is recommended to differentiate inflammatory from noninflammatory disease of the colon. Its value is greatest when symptoms are discordant with CRP or when the decision is whether to proceed to endoscopic or radiologic reassessment. [10]", "In symptomatic IBD, FC is more sensitive for endoscopically defined activity than CRP: pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.88 and 0.73 for FC versus 0.49 and 0.92 for CRP. FC was more sensitive in ulcerative colitis than Crohn disease. A low CRP therefore does not reliably exclude active mucosal disease, whereas an elevated FC should prompt consideration of inflammation from IBD or another intestinal inflammatory process. [8][10]", "Do not interpret FC as disease-specific. It reflects neutrophilic intestinal inflammation and can rise with infectious colitis; its correlation with histology is less satisfactory in Crohn disease because of patchy disease and limited assessment of the small bowel by colonic biopsies. Use FC alongside stool testing, disease distribution, imaging, and endoscopy rather than as a stand-alone declaration of relapse. [17]", "For ulcerative colitis in remission, an FC concentration above 321 mg/kg predicted relapse at both 6 and 12 months in one study. This prognostic association can support closer reassessment, but it should not replace direct evaluation when an acute infectious or structural cause of symptoms is plausible. [19]" ], "bullets": [ "Low FC makes substantial colonic inflammatory activity less likely but does not substitute for infection testing in an acute symptomatic flare. [10][17]", "Elevated FC plus negative routine stool studies supports further evaluation for active IBD, but endoscopy remains the reference investigation for diagnosis and mucosal healing assessment. [7][16]", "Use the same FC assay and interpret serial results with awareness of preanalytical and analytical influences on concentration. [7]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Biomarkers modify the probability of active inflammation; they do not replace pathogen testing or direct assessment. [7][8][10][17]", "columns": [ "Test", "Actionable interpretation", "Limitation that changes management" ], "rows": [ [ "Fecal calprotectin", ">50-100 μg/g supports inflammatory rather than noninflammatory colonic disease in Crohn disease. [10]", "Inflammation-specific rather than IBD-specific; infectious colitis can elevate FC. [17]" ], [ "CRP", "An elevated value supports systemic inflammation when concordant with the clinical picture. [8][10]", "Normal CRP and ESR occur in up to 40% of patients with mild IBD inflammation. [10]" ], [ "Endoscopy with biopsy", "Use when objective definition of mucosal activity, alternative pathology, or treatment response is needed. [3][6][16]", "Invasive; Crohn disease may be patchy and include small-bowel disease beyond colonic biopsy sampling. [17]" ], [ "Cross-sectional imaging", "Use to evaluate complications and to assess bowel beyond endoscopically accessible mucosa. [1][3]", "Does not replace stool testing for enteric infection. [1][10]" ] ] } }, { "id": "persistent-symptoms", "eyebrow": "Discordant presentations", "heading": "What to do when stool tests are negative but symptoms continue", "intro": "A negative initial infection panel does not establish active IBD or justify automatic treatment escalation.", "paragraphs": [ "When enteric infection has been excluded yet symptoms persist, follow a stepwise objective assessment: FC, endoscopy with biopsy, and cross-sectional imaging. This approach prevents escalation of immunosuppressive therapy for functional gastrointestinal symptoms, bile-acid or motility-related symptoms, structural disease, or inflammation missed by symptom-based assessment. [3]", "Use standardized endoscopic activity scores when endoscopy is performed to document baseline severity and treatment response. The Mayo Endoscopic Subscore and Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity are used in ulcerative colitis; the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease provides standardized Crohn disease assessment. These scores improve uniformity of reporting and are used to assess treatment efficacy and prognosis. [6]", "Functional symptoms remain possible when objective inflammatory activity is not demonstrated. A low-FODMAP diet may be offered with attention to nutritional adequacy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, or mindfulness therapy may be considered. Do not offer fecal microbiota transplantation for functional GI symptoms in IBD outside an infection-directed indication. [3]" ], "bullets": [ "Escalate to endoscopy with biopsy when symptoms and biomarkers are discordant or when confirmation of mucosal inflammation will change therapy. [3][6]", "Choose cross-sectional imaging when obstruction, abscess, toxic megacolon, or small-bowel/penetrating Crohn disease is plausible. [1][3]", "Avoid prolonged corticosteroid exposure as a substitute for objective reassessment; corticosteroids have no proven maintenance efficacy and are associated with important adverse effects. [21][22]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Persistent symptoms after negative infection testing require branch-specific reassessment. [1][3][6]", "columns": [ "Pattern after stool testing", "Most informative next test", "Decision changed by the result" ], "rows": [ [ "Persistent diarrhea or urgency with elevated FC", "Endoscopy with biopsy; add cross-sectional imaging when disease extent or complications are uncertain. [3]", "Document active mucosal disease and severity before IBD therapy escalation. [3][6]" ], [ "Abdominal pain, vomiting, distention, fever, or concern for penetrating disease", "Cross-sectional imaging. [1][3]", "Identify obstruction, intra-abdominal abscess, or toxic megacolon requiring complicated-IBD management. [1]" ], [ "Persistent symptoms without objective inflammatory activity", "Review bowel pattern and evaluate functional GI symptoms after inflammatory activity is ruled out. [3]", "Use symptom-directed measures rather than reflexive immunosuppression escalation. [3]" ] ] } }, { "id": "hospitalized-and-complicated-ibd", "eyebrow": "Urgent care", "heading": "Testing and safety actions in hospitalized or complicated IBD", "intro": "Run infection testing and complication assessment in parallel; do not wait for one to complete before recognizing the other.", "paragraphs": [ "For hospitalized IBD, pair stool culture and two-step C. difficile testing with cross-sectional imaging because toxic megacolon, abscess, and obstruction require management beyond routine flare treatment. Early multidisciplinary assessment by gastroenterology and surgery is recommended around day 3 of corticosteroid therapy for severe disease requiring rescue or operative planning. [1][20]", "Reserve antibiotics for documented or strongly suspected superinfection, intra-abdominal abscess, or sepsis rather than routine luminal IBD activity. Select agents according to local epidemiology and resistance patterns, with duration determined by clinical and biochemical response; antifungals are reserved for high-risk patients, including those with bowel perforation and recent steroid exposure. [20]", "Administer pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin as soon as possible in complicated IBD and emergency presentations. Hospitalization for a flare is a high-risk state for VTE, and systemic prophylaxis is recommended even when the admission is driven by active intestinal disease. [20][21]" ], "bullets": [ "Treat suspected abscess, perforation, bowel obstruction, or toxic megacolon as a complication pathway, not as uncomplicated inflammatory relapse. [1][20]", "Use antibiotics for infection, abscess, or sepsis; do not use them routinely for uncomplicated IBD inflammation. [20]", "Include LMWH prophylaxis among initial inpatient orders unless a patient-specific contraindication is present. [20][21]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Complicated IBD requires simultaneous infectious, structural, and thrombosis-risk management. [1][20][21]", "columns": [ "Problem", "Required assessment", "Management implication" ], "rows": [ [ "Hospitalized IBD flare", "Stool culture, two-step C. difficile testing, and cross-sectional imaging. [1]", "Separate enteric infection from inflammatory activity and detect urgent complications. [1]" ], [ "Abscess, superinfection, or sepsis", "Clinical and biochemical assessment plus imaging when an intra-abdominal complication is suspected. [1][20]", "Use antibiotics guided by local resistance patterns and clinical response. [20]" ], [ "Severe or corticosteroid-refractory course", "Multidisciplinary gastroenterology-surgery review around day 3 of corticosteroid therapy. [20]", "Plan rescue therapy or surgery before further clinical deterioration. [20]" ], [ "Complicated or emergency IBD admission", "Assess bleeding risk and contraindications to pharmacologic prophylaxis. [20]", "Administer LMWH VTE prophylaxis as soon as possible when appropriate. [20][21]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [ { "question": "Can a normal CRP rule out an infectious or inflammatory IBD flare?", "answer": "No. CRP has limited sensitivity for endoscopically active IBD, and up to 40% of patients with mild IBD inflammation may have normal CRP and ESR. Obtain stool pathogen and C. difficile testing and use FC, endoscopy, or imaging according to the clinical scenario. [8][10]" }, { "question": "Should elevated fecal calprotectin trigger empiric antibiotics?", "answer": "No. FC indicates neutrophilic intestinal inflammation but is not disease-specific. Use antibiotics only for superinfection, intra-abdominal abscess, or sepsis; pursue stool testing and structural assessment to establish the cause. 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PMC", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8567469", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 24, "title": "How to manage inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: A guide for the practicing clinician", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7985732", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Caring for Adults Hospitalized with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | NEJM Clinician", "detail": "clinician.nejm.org", "url": "https://clinician.nejm.org/caring-adults-hospitalized-inflammatory-bowel-disease-CLINgwNA59749", "authors": "clinician.nejm.org", "host": "clinician.nejm.org", "snippet": "Copyright © 2026\n\nMassachusetts Medical Society.\n\nAll rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.\n\nElectronic ISSN 3067-1876\n\nThe content of this site is intended for health care professionals.\n\n# Caring for Adults Hospitalized with Inflammatory ", "score": 0.4054258 }, { "number": 2, "title": "AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016508526002453", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "_Clostridioides difficile_ infection (CDI) remains a significant driver of disease flares and poor outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to increased hospitalization, intensified or failed therapy, and higher surgical rates. Compared with the non-IBD population, patient", "score": 0.6175132 }, { "number": 3, "title": "AGA Clinical Practice Update on Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1542356518308103", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "# Clinical Practice Update AGA Clinical Practice Update on Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review. ***Description***: The purpose of this clinical practice update review is to describe key principles in the diagnosis and management of function", "score": 0.55362654 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Screening for gastrointestinal and pancreatic diseases - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/pii/S0065242321000822", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Elsevier logo\nAdvances in Clinical Chemistry\n\n## Advances in Clinical Chemistry\n\n## Published by: Elsevier\n\n### Published by\n\nElsevier\n\n# Chapter Five - Screening for gastrointestinal and pancreatic diseases\n\n## Article preview\n\n## Abstract\n\n## Keywords\n\n## Introduction\n\n## Organizational access\n\n##", "score": 0.42577294 }, { "number": 5, "title": "P894 Diagnostic yield of routine stool pathogen tests during the relapse of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Journal of Crohn's and Colitis | Oxford Academic", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/17/Supplement_1/i1009/7010312", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "# P894 Diagnostic yield of routine stool pathogen tests during the relapse of Inflammatory Bowel Disease *Free*. *Journal of Crohn's and Colitis*, Volume 17, Issue Supplement\\_1, February 2023, Pages i1009–i1010,. V Huang, A Albadrani, M Alshowair, P894 Diagnostic yield of routine stool pathogen tes", "score": 0.38484335 }, { "number": 6, "title": "AGA Clinical Practice Update on Endoscopic Scoring Systems in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Commentary - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1542356524007183", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "# Clinical Practice Updates AGA Clinical Practice Update on Endoscopic Scoring Systems in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Commentary. Endoscopic scoring systems evaluate the severity of inflammation and provide objectivity, uniformity, and standardization of reporting of mucosal appearances in patients ", "score": 0.3738078 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Fecal Calprotectin in Gastrointestinal Disease", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/69/7/699/7179811", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "Title: Fecal Calprotectin in Gastrointestinal Disease\n# Fecal Calprotectin in Gastrointestinal Disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of chronic conditions characterized by relapsing and remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy is the gold standard investi", "score": 0.67885995 }, { "number": 8, "title": "C-Reactive Protein, Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool... : American Journal of Gastroenterology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ajg/abstract/10.1038/ajg.2015.120~c-reactive-protein-fecal-calprotectin-and-stool-lactoferrin", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Title: C-Reactive Protein, Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool... : American Journal of Gastroenterology\n# C-Reactive Protein, Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool Lactoferrin for Detection of Endoscopic Activity in Symptomatic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ## Object", "score": 0.51369345 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Quality of Life Is Related to Fecal Calprotectin... : Medicine", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/04190/quality_of_life_is_related_to_fecal_calprotectin.44.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Title: Quality of Life Is Related to Fecal Calprotectin... : Medicine\nAbbreviations: AUC = area under the curve, CD = Crohn disease, CRP = C-reactive protein, FC = fecal calprotectin, HBI = Harvey-Bradshaw Index, HRQoL = health-related quality of life, IBD = inflammatory bowel disease, NSAID = nonst", "score": 0.4719782 }, { "number": 10, "title": "ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/10.14309/ajg.0000000000003465~acg-clinical-guideline-management-of-crohns-disease-in", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Up to 40% of patients with IBD with mild inflammation may have a normal CRP and ESR, limiting the usefulness of these markers in monitoring some patients (48). Signs and symptoms of bowel inflammation related to IBD overlap with those of infectious enteritis and colitis. Stool studies for fecal path", "score": 0.38741276 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Budesonide (Systemic) | Drug Lookup | Pediatric Care Online", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatriccare/drug-monograph/18/6113/Budesonide-Systemic", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "Corticosteroids used for inflammatory bowel disease are considered compatible with breastfeeding (AGA [Mahadevan 2019]). ... ACG clinical guideline: management of", "score": 0.38089764 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Adalimumab | Drug Lookup | Pediatric Care Online - AAP Publications", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatriccare/drug-monograph/18/4945/Adalimumab", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy clinical care pathway: patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "score": 0.1645839 }, { "number": 13, "title": "MethylPREDNISolone | Drug Lookup | Pediatric Care Online", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatriccare/drug-monograph/18/5513/MethylPREDNISolone-Systemic", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "Corticosteroids may be used as needed for disease flares in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease; however, maintenance therapy should be avoided", "score": 0.087821834 }, { "number": 14, "title": "SulfaSALAzine | Drug Lookup | Pediatric Care Online", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatriccare/drug-monograph/18/5378/SulfaSALAzine", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy clinical care pathway: a report from the American Gastroenterological Association IBD parenthood project working group.", "score": 0.084954865 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Disease Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Gastroenterology", "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org", "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)00078-6/fulltext", "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org", "host": "www.gastrojournal.org", "snippet": "Low fecal calprotectin correlates with histological remission and mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis and colonic Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016", "score": 0.47606868 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Diagnostics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Gastroenterology", "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org", "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(07)01642-3/fulltext", "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org", "host": "www.gastrojournal.org", "snippet": "Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is based on clinical, endoscopic, radiologic, and histologic criteria.", "score": 0.474023 }, { "number": 17, "title": "The Use of Fecal Calprotectin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - PMC", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390326", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "The amount of calprotectin reflects the number of participating neutrophils in this inflammation. This has been amply confirmed in intestinal inflammatory diseases by the significant correlation between fecal calprotectin levels and other measures of acute inflammation, be it with 111indium-labeled ", "score": 0.40896168 }, { "number": 18, "title": "The Use of Fecal Calprotectin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390326?term=%22Gastroenterol+Hepatol+%28N+Y%29%22%5Bjour%5D", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "The amount of calprotectin reflects the number of participating neutrophils in this inflammation. This has been amply confirmed in intestinal inflammatory diseases by the significant correlation between fecal calprotectin levels and other measures of acute inflammation, be it with 111 indium-labeled", "score": 0.4069804 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Fecal Calprotectin Predicts Relapse and Histological Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis - PubMed", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26919460", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Title: Fecal Calprotectin Predicts Relapse and Histological Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis - PubMed\nSkip to main page content. An official website of the United States government. **The .gov means it’s official.**. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitiv", "score": 0.3013625 }, { "number": 20, "title": "WSES-AAST guidelines: management of inflammatory bowel disease in the emergency setting", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8111988", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "We recommend administering antibiotics according to the epidemiology and resistance of the setting in a duration that depends on the patient’s clinical and biochemical findings. Antifungals should be reserved for high-risk patients such as those with bowel perforation and recent steroid treatment (s", "score": 0.6246834 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Common Mistakes in Managing Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11355176", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "The extent and severity of intestinal involvement are related to the occurrence of thromboembolic complications, which often coincide with episodes of IBD activity [227][228]. Therefore, patients with IBD who are hospitalized for a flare are at a markedly increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Thi", "score": 0.5855047 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8720971", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "37.. Li, Wang, Zhang, Sheng, Yan, Ma, _et al._. Corticosteroid therapy in ulcerative colitis: clinical response and predictors. _World J Gastroenterol._ (2015) 21:3005–15. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3005 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]\n 38.. Higgins, Skup, Mulani, Lin, Chao. Incr", "score": 0.5660431 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Venous and arterial thromboembolism in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases - PMC", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8567469", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "VTE events in IBD may increase as the incidence of IBD and life expectancy also increase. The risk of arterial TE is significantly lower than VTE, but an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases need to be monitored in IBD patients. Patients with IBD have a higher baseline risk of VTE, which furthe", "score": 0.5504388 }, { "number": 24, "title": "How to manage inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: A guide for the practicing clinician", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7985732", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "If GI symptoms (including diarrhea) are not caused by COVID-19 and other causes for IBD flare are excluded, such as enteric superinfection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use, and non-adherence to therapy, the drug management for IBD will depend on the equilibrium between the severities of the IBD f", "score": 0.5065188 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T21:02:46.294519+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T21:02:46.294519+00:00", "readingMinutes": 6, "slug": "ibd-flare-infection-testing" }