{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Infectious Neurology",
  "title": "Herpes Simplex Encephalitis",
  "summary": "Herpes simplex encephalitis requires immediate recognition and IV acyclovir while cerebrospinal fluid HSV PCR establishes the diagnosis. Renal-adjusted dosing, hydration, and surveillance for virologic versus autoimmune relapse are the highest-yield management decisions supported by the available evidence.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician-focused diagnosis, IV acyclovir dosing, renal adjustment, monitoring, and relapse evaluation for herpes simplex encephalitis.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians diagnose, treat, monitor, and evaluate relapse after suspected herpes simplex encephalitis?",
  "specialty": "Neurology and Infectious Diseases",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "herpes simplex encephalitis",
    "HSV encephalitis",
    "CSF HSV PCR",
    "IV acyclovir",
    "autoimmune encephalitis",
    "anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "CSF HSV DNA PCR is the diagnostic gold standard for herpes simplex encephalitis and has replaced brain biopsy in usual practice. [4]",
    "Treat HSV encephalitis with acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 14-21 days; some clinicians extend therapy for incomplete response or substantial immunosuppression. [19]",
    "For IV acyclovir, provide IV hydration, monitor renal function at initiation and at least once or twice weekly when stable, and adjust the dosing interval or dose for renal impairment. [19][20][21]",
    "Neurologic deterioration after treated HSE requires distinction between recurrent HSV infection and post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis; CSF HSV PCR is often negative in autoimmune relapses. [23][24]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "diagnostic-priority",
      "eyebrow": "Diagnosis",
      "heading": "Confirm HSV CNS infection with CSF PCR",
      "intro": "Obtain CSF for HSV PCR promptly when HSE is suspected.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Detection of HSV DNA in CSF by polymerase chain reaction is the diagnostic gold standard for herpes simplex encephalitis and has supplanted brain biopsy. [4] In reported HSE cases, MRI abnormalities involving medial temporal and hippocampal regions have accompanied CSF HSV-1 PCR positivity. [7]",
        "CSF results can be inflammatory but are not independently diagnostic. A reported confirmed case had 22 CSF leukocytes, markedly elevated protein of 250 mg/dL, and opening pressure of 39 cm H2O before HSV PCR returned positive. [1] Do not use a nonspecific CSF profile to defer HSV PCR or antiviral treatment when the clinical syndrome remains concerning."
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Order CSF HSV PCR as the virologic diagnostic test when evaluating suspected HSE. [4]",
        "Use brain MRI and EEG as complementary assessments when clinically indicated; published HSE reports describe temporal-limbic MRI abnormalities and electroencephalographic slowing. [7]",
        "Interpret a later clinical relapse with repeat CSF HSV PCR and evaluation for neural autoantibodies when the phenotype is compatible with autoimmune encephalitis. [23][24]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Available evidence supporting diagnostic interpretation in suspected or recurrent HSE. [4][7][23][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical setting",
          "High-value evaluation",
          "Interpretation and next diagnostic consideration"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Initial suspected HSE",
            "CSF HSV DNA PCR [4]",
            "Gold-standard diagnostic test for HSE. [4]"
          ],
          [
            "Suspected limbic involvement",
            "Brain MRI; CSF HSV PCR [7]",
            "Medial temporal and hippocampal abnormalities have been reported with CSF HSV-1 PCR-positive disease. [7]"
          ],
          [
            "Relapse after treated HSE",
            "Repeat CSF HSV PCR; serum and CSF neural antibody testing [23][24]",
            "Negative HSV PCR is common in post-HSE autoimmune relapse; evaluate for synaptic antibodies including anti-NMDAR when clinically appropriate. [23][24]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "antiviral-treatment",
      "eyebrow": "Treatment",
      "heading": "Initiate and safely deliver IV acyclovir",
      "intro": "Acyclovir is the supported antiviral regimen in the supplied guidance.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "NIH opportunistic-infection guidance lists acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for HSV encephalitis for 14-21 days. The same guidance notes that some clinicians extend treatment according to clinical response and degree of immunosuppression. [19] The available excerpts do not support a routine oral step-down regimen for HSE.",
        "Renal toxicity prevention and dose adjustment are integral to administration. Give IV fluids with IV acyclovir to reduce nephrotoxicity risk. Monitor renal function at treatment initiation and at least once or twice weekly during treatment when stable; adjust dosing for renal function. [19][20][21]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Standard regimen: acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for HSV encephalitis, for 14-21 days. [19]",
        "Use IV hydration during IV acyclovir therapy to reduce nephrotoxicity risk. [20][21]",
        "Assess renal function at initiation and at least once or twice weekly during high-dose IV acyclovir therapy if stable. [19][20]",
        "For intermittent hemodialysis, administer the adjusted acyclovir dose after dialysis on dialysis days. [20][21]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Renal dose adjustments for IV acyclovir used for HSV encephalitis. [20][21]",
        "columns": [
          "CrCl or eGFR",
          "IV acyclovir adjustment from 10 mg/kg every 8 hours",
          "Administration consideration"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "26-50 mL/min",
            "100% of dose every 12 hours. [20][21]",
            "Use IV fluid hydration to reduce nephrotoxicity risk. [20][21]"
          ],
          [
            "10-25 mL/min",
            "100% of dose every 24 hours. [20][21]",
            "Monitor renal function and adjust as needed. [19][20]"
          ],
          [
            "<10 mL/min or intermittent hemodialysis",
            "50% of dose every 24 hours. [20][21]",
            "For hemodialysis, administer after dialysis on dialysis days. [20][21]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "relapse-and-autoimmunity",
      "eyebrow": "Complications",
      "heading": "Evaluate post-HSE deterioration for viral or autoimmune relapse",
      "intro": "Relapse is not synonymous with recurrent HSV replication.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Published series and reviews estimate HSE relapse after an initial episode at approximately 5%-27%; one case-series report cites relapse in up to 12% of adults and 14%-35% of children despite antiviral therapy. [23][24] These estimates are derived from observational literature and should not be treated as a precise individual risk prediction.",
        "A true virologic relapse is suggested by HSV DNA detection in CSF and may be accompanied by new necrotic or hemorrhagic lesions on brain imaging. [24] In contrast, post-HSE autoimmune relapse often has negative CSF HSV PCR and may reflect immune responses to CNS antigens exposed by HSV-related injury. [23][24]",
        "In a post-HSE case series, serum and CSF were tested for anti-NMDAR, GABA-B receptor, AMPAR, LGI1, CASPR2, and DPPX antibodies. [23] The available evidence supports targeted evaluation for autoimmune encephalitis in a compatible relapse syndrome but does not provide an adult U.S. immunotherapy regimen. Pediatric consensus guidance states that NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis following HSE should be treated similarly to idiopathic NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis. [10]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Reassess CSF HSV PCR in a suspected recurrence to identify persistent or recurrent HSV replication. [24]",
        "If HSV PCR is negative and relapse features suggest autoimmune encephalitis, send paired serum and CSF neural antibody testing where available. [23]",
        "Consider post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis particularly with new agitation, movement disorder, seizures, cognitive change, or psychiatric manifestations after the acute infection. [7][23][24]",
        "Involve neurology and infectious diseases when deciding whether deterioration represents viral relapse, autoimmune disease, or both; the supplied evidence does not establish a universal treatment pathway."
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Adjunctive corticosteroids",
          "paragraphs": [
            "The supplied search results identify a systematic review addressing adjunctive corticosteroids in HSE but do not provide recommendations, effect estimates, or a validated dexamethasone regimen. [2] Routine corticosteroid use therefore cannot be recommended or operationalized from the available evidence."
          ],
          "bullets": []
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Features described in observational literature to distinguish recurrent HSV infection from post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis. [23][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Feature",
          "Possible virologic relapse",
          "Possible autoimmune relapse"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "CSF HSV PCR",
            "Positive HSV DNA supports persistent infection or reactivation. [24]",
            "Often negative in post-HSE relapse. [23]"
          ],
          [
            "Brain imaging",
            "New necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions can occur distant from the original site. [24]",
            "Residual gliotic lesions and cortical atrophy were described in a reported case series. [23]"
          ],
          [
            "Immunologic testing",
            "Not defining in the cited literature. [23][24]",
            "Evaluate serum and CSF for synaptic autoantibodies, including anti-NMDAR, in a compatible syndrome. [23]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "monitoring-and-follow-up",
      "eyebrow": "Monitoring",
      "heading": "Monitor renal safety and neurologic trajectory",
      "intro": "Treatment monitoring should focus on acyclovir exposure safety and new neurologic deterioration.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For high-dose IV acyclovir, renal function monitoring and renal dose adjustment are specifically recommended at treatment initiation and once or twice weekly during therapy when stable. [19][20] Hydration is recommended to reduce acyclovir-associated nephrotoxicity. [20][21]",
        "After acute HSE, counsel patients and caregivers that relapse can occur despite antiviral therapy. [23][24] New neurologic, behavioral, cognitive, movement, or seizure manifestations should trigger reassessment for recurrent HSV and postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis rather than automatic attribution to fixed post-encephalitic deficits. [7][23][24]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "At initiation: document renal function and select the renal-adjusted IV acyclovir schedule. [20][21]",
        "During therapy: monitor renal function at least once or twice weekly if stable and revise dosing when renal function changes. [19][20]",
        "After treatment: investigate meaningful clinical deterioration with repeat CSF HSV PCR and, when indicated, neural antibody testing. [23][24]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Practical monitoring actions supported by available guidance and relapse literature. [19][20][23][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Time point",
          "Monitor or test",
          "Action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Before IV acyclovir",
            "Renal function. [19][20]",
            "Select the appropriate renal-adjusted dose interval or dose. [20][21]"
          ],
          [
            "During IV acyclovir",
            "Renal function at least once or twice weekly if stable. [19][20]",
            "Adjust dosing as necessary and maintain IV hydration. [19][20][21]"
          ],
          [
            "Post-treatment neurologic decline",
            "CSF HSV PCR; neural antibody assessment when clinically compatible. [23][24]",
            "Differentiate virologic recurrence from post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis. [23][24]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "What is the preferred diagnostic test for herpes simplex encephalitis?",
      "answer": "CSF HSV DNA PCR is the diagnostic gold standard and has replaced brain biopsy for usual HSE diagnosis. [4]"
    },
    {
      "question": "What acyclovir regimen is used for HSV encephalitis?",
      "answer": "The supplied NIH guidance lists acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 14-21 days, with possible extension based on clinical response and immunosuppression. [19]"
    },
    {
      "question": "How should IV acyclovir be adjusted in renal impairment?",
      "answer": "For HSV encephalitis, use the full dose every 12 hours at CrCl/eGFR 26-50 mL/min, every 24 hours at 10-25 mL/min, and 50% of the dose every 24 hours at less than 10 mL/min or on hemodialysis; dose after hemodialysis. [20][21]"
    },
    {
      "question": "What should prompt evaluation for autoimmune encephalitis after HSE?",
      "answer": "A new neuropsychiatric, cognitive, seizure, or movement-disorder syndrome after HSE, particularly with negative repeat CSF HSV PCR, should prompt evaluation for post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis and neural antibodies. [7][23][24]"
    }
  ],
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  "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.",
  "citations": [
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      "snippet": "and treatment duration) empirically. On the patient was transferred to the affiliated hospital of the PI (FTY720 study center hospital). After reviewing the medical records and MRI scans, the patient was tentatively diagnosed with viral encephalitis (most likely herpes simplex). The patient was imme",
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      "host": "www.thelancet.com",
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    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Supplementary appendix",
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      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
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      "snippet": "... care ... • Herpes simplex virus infection causing a mucocutaneous ulcer that persists for >1 ... • Need to decrease dose in participants with renal impairment.",
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    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/continuum/fulltext/2015/12000/herpes_simplex_virus_infections_of_the_central.16.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
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      "snippet": "Polymerase chain reaction detection of viral DNA in the CSF is the gold standard for diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis, having replaced brain biopsy",
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      "number": 5,
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      "snippet": "by O Robineau · 2010 · Cited by 19 — HSV-1 DNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid by PCR, which led to the diagnosis of HSE. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was in favor of a",
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      "snippet": "Background: LE is caused by a reaction of the immune system against several different neuronal antigens, as a response to various stimuli such as tumours, cancers, infections and generalized autoimmune disorders .Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common causes of limbic encephalitis and ",
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      "snippet": "by S Esposito · 2022 · Cited by 42 — In some patients, relapses are clearly due to incomplete HSV inactivation by previous antiviral therapy or new HSV replication and can be considered ...Read more",
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      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by J Cleaver · 2025 · Cited by 5 — Autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE-AE) represents the intersection of central nervous system infection and autoimmunity.Read more",
      "score": 0.60694176
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis",
      "detail": "www.neurology.org",
      "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001052",
      "authors": "www.neurology.org",
      "host": "www.neurology.org",
      "snippet": "6 months (such as rituximab redosing or mycophenolate mofetil) is generally not required, except for patients with a more severe course or prolonged impairments and hospitalization. For patients with relapsing disease, second-line and prolonged maintenance therapy should be considered. The treatment",
      "score": 0.38706517
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes ...",
      "detail": "www.neurology.org",
      "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000216954",
      "authors": "www.neurology.org",
      "host": "www.neurology.org",
      "snippet": "To describe clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment courses and outcomes in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE).",
      "score": 0.32241982
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "A case report and systematic review of the literature (P6.093)",
      "detail": "www.neurology.org",
      "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.90.15_supplement.P6.093",
      "authors": "www.neurology.org",
      "host": "www.neurology.org",
      "snippet": "Objective: To characterize the incidence, diagnostic and therapeutic trends and outcomes for cases of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE)",
      "score": 0.2926615
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "A Rare Case of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Encephalitis ...",
      "detail": "www.neurology.org",
      "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.90.15_supplement.P5.340",
      "authors": "www.neurology.org",
      "host": "www.neurology.org",
      "snippet": "HSV-2 encephalitis typically occurs in elderly, immunosuppressed patients and is associated with high rates of death and long-term neurologic",
      "score": 0.19831283
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis During Suppressive ...",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/115/3/804/67248/Herpes-Simplex-Virus-Encephalitis-During",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was negative, and MRI of the brain was normal. After a 14-day course of high-dose",
      "score": 0.53648347
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Brainstem Involvement in Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus ...",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/120/2/e442/70425/Brainstem-Involvement-in-Neonatal-Herpes-Simplex",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "PCR assay is the method of choice for detection of HSV DNA in CSF for the diagnosis of HSV encephalitis.11. HSV type 2 DNA was detected in the",
      "score": 0.5215936
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Herpes Simplex Virus Central Nervous System Relapse ...",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/117/5/e1045/70002/Herpes-Simplex-Virus-Central-Nervous-System",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "CSF HSV PCR was positive. An MRI of her brain showed gyral swelling and leptomeningeal enhancement in contiguous areas of the right frontal,",
      "score": 0.5191075
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Early Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/aapgrandrounds/article/10/2/16/87483/Early-Diagnosis-of-Herpes-Simplex-Encephalitis",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "Since its development in 1991, PCR for HSV DNA performed on CSF is widely accepted for the early diagnosis of HSE.2 Antiviral acyclovir is",
      "score": 0.51603514
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Management of Central Nervous System Infections, Vientiane, ...",
      "detail": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/5/pdfs/18-0914-combined.pdf",
      "authors": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "host": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "snippet": "Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA by real-time PCR. ... HSV, herpes simplex virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; ... EEG, electroencephalogram; JEV",
      "score": 0.31665495
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Herpes Simplex Virus: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH",
      "detail": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "url": "https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/herpes-simplex",
      "authors": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "host": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "snippet": "Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are occasionally associated with nausea or headache. No laboratory monitoring is needed for people receiving episodic or suppressive HSV therapy unless they have advanced renal impairment. However, for people receiving IV acyclovir, cidofovir, or foscarnet, m",
      "score": 0.60750073
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic ...",
      "detail": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "url": "https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/archive/adult-adolescent-oi-2025-04-23.pdf",
      "authors": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "host": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "snippet": "associated with nausea or headache. No laboratory monitoring is needed for patients receiving episodic or suppressive HSV therapy unless they have advanced renal impairment. However, for patients receiving high-dose IV acyclovir, monitoring of renal function, and dose adjustment as necessary, are re",
      "score": 0.5370662
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Tables: Recommended Dosing Adjustments of Drugs Used ...",
      "detail": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "url": "https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/dosing-recommendations-drugs-used",
      "authors": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "host": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "snippet": "| Drug(s) | Usual Dose | Dosage Adjustment in Renal Insufficiency |\n --- \n| CrCl^ or eGFR# (mL/min) | Dose |\n| Acyclovir _For IV acyclovir, administer IV fluid hydration to reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity._ | IV Dose for Serious HSV Infections  5 mg/kg IV every 8 hours IV Dose for Serious VZV Infe",
      "score": 0.52378637
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infection Guidelines",
      "detail": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "url": "https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/g/files/mnhszr391/files/guidelines/documents/adult-adolescent-oi/drug-dosing-renal-insufficiency-adult-adolescent-oi.pdf",
      "authors": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "host": "clinicalinfo.hiv.gov",
      "snippet": "Table 6. Dosing Recommendations for Drugs Used to Treat or Prevent Opportunistic Infections That Require Dosage Adjustment in Adults With Renal Insufficiency Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents With HIV JJ-2 Drug(s) Usual Dose Dosage Adju",
      "score": 0.51691306
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Postherpes simplex encephalitis: a case series of viral-triggered autoimmunity, synaptic autoantibodies and response to therapy - PMC",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5949951",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "We report on five incidental cases that had a clinical relapse following HSV encephalitis in spite of prompt antiviral therapy. The diagnosis of HSV encephalitis was based on clinical, laboratory (HSV testing by CSF PCR and anti-HSV antibody testing in both serum and CSF) and radiological evidence. ",
      "score": 0.8446273
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Immunomodulatory Strategies in Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis - PMC",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7018500",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "### Viral and Autoimmune Relapses\n\nThe incidence of relapses that occur after a first episode of HSE is estimated to be between 5% and 27% (59–61). Most relapses affect children and develop within 3 months after completion of a full course of antiviral therapy, but HSE relapses have been also report",
      "score": 0.8201387
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T01:20:41.347741+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T01:20:41.347741+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 4,
  "slug": "herpes-simplex-encephalitis"
}