{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Neuromuscular Critical Care",
  "title": "Guillain-Barré Respiratory Monitoring",
  "summary": "Guillain-Barré syndrome can progress rapidly to ventilatory failure despite modest limb weakness. Use serial bedside respiratory mechanics, bulbar assessment, and autonomic monitoring to identify patients needing ICU transfer and elective intubation before secretion failure, hypercapnia, or emergency airway loss.",
  "seoDescription": "Practical respiratory monitoring in Guillain-Barré syndrome: ICU triage, serial vital capacity and inspiratory pressure thresholds, and intubation triggers.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians monitor respiratory function and determine ICU transfer or elective intubation in Guillain-Barré syndrome?",
  "specialty": "Neurology and Critical Care Medicine",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "Guillain-Barré syndrome",
    "respiratory monitoring",
    "vital capacity",
    "negative inspiratory force",
    "mechanical ventilation",
    "bulbar weakness",
    "ICU triage"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Hospitalize patients with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome through the period of progression; rapidly worsening weakness, bulbar dysfunction, respiratory distress, or dysautonomia warrants critical-care monitoring. [13][23]",
    "Trend forced vital capacity and inspiratory strength serially rather than relying on pulse oximetry or limb strength; peripheral weakness may not reflect diaphragmatic weakness. [18][23]",
    "Treat a vital capacity below 20 mL/kg, maximal inspiratory pressure weaker than 30 cm H2O, maximal expiratory pressure below 40 cm H2O, or clinical respiratory fatigue as imminent respiratory-failure signals requiring airway planning. [5][12][22]",
    "Intubate electively when airway protection, secretion clearance, or respiratory mechanics are deteriorating; bulbar dysfunction with inability to handle secretions or ineffective cough can justify intubation before gas-exchange abnormalities develop. [20][22]",
    "Use continuous cardiac and blood-pressure monitoring when dysautonomia is present because arrhythmias and marked blood-pressure fluctuation may accompany severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. [1][13][18]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "triage-and-initial-assessment",
      "eyebrow": "First Hours",
      "heading": "Who needs ICU-level respiratory monitoring?",
      "intro": "Disposition should be driven by trajectory, bulbar function, respiratory mechanics, and autonomic instability.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Admit patients with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome because weakness can progress to respiratory failure; reported respiratory-failure rates requiring mechanical ventilation are approximately 30%, and about one third of patients may develop severe generalized neuropathy requiring ventilation. [10][11][15][16] Patients who can walk independently for more than 5 m and remain clinically stable may be observed outside a specialized center, but require close surveillance during the first week after onset because deterioration can be rapid. [12]",
        "Transfer to an ICU or similarly monitored setting for severe or rapidly worsening weakness, especially neck-flexor or hip-flexor weakness; bulbar dysfunction; respiratory distress; or dysautonomia. [13] Rapid progression, bilateral facial weakness, oropharyngeal weakness, and dysautonomia increase concern for intubation. [24] Do not use preserved limb strength as reassurance when cough, phonation, swallowing, or inspiratory effort is worsening, because diaphragmatic involvement may not correlate with peripheral muscle strength. [23]",
        "At presentation, document forced vital capacity (FVC), a measure of inspiratory strength such as negative inspiratory force (NIF) or maximal inspiratory pressure, and expiratory strength when available. Repeat focused examination for neck flexion, facial and bulbar weakness, handling of secretions, cough effectiveness, accessory-muscle use, thoracoabdominal asynchrony, tachypnea, and fatigue. Serial mechanics and clinical trajectory determine airway timing more reliably than a single initial assessment. [12][18][22]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Obtain immediate airway assessment when dysphagia, wet voice, weak cough, pooling secretions, or inability to clear the airway is present; these findings lower the threshold for elective intubation. [20][22]",
        "Place patients with dysautonomia on continuous heart-rate and blood-pressure monitoring; clinically relevant manifestations include arrhythmias, paroxysmal hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, and urinary retention. [13][18][23]",
        "Assess for ileus during acute hospitalization, particularly when autonomic dysfunction is present. [12]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Respiratory-risk findings that should change monitoring intensity or airway planning in Guillain-Barré syndrome. [5][12][13][20][22]",
        "columns": [
          "Finding",
          "Interpretation",
          "Immediate action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Rapidly worsening weakness; neck-flexor or hip-flexor weakness; bilateral facial or bulbar weakness [13][24]",
            "Higher risk of ventilatory failure and airway compromise [13][24]",
            "Escalate to ICU-level observation; obtain and trend respiratory mechanics and airway examination. [13][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Dysphagia, inability to handle secretions, ineffective cough [20][22]",
            "Airway protection and secretion clearance may fail before overt gas-exchange deterioration. [20][22]",
            "Plan elective intubation rather than waiting for emergency airway loss. [20][22]"
          ],
          [
            "FVC below 20 mL/kg [5][12][22]",
            "Predicts imminent respiratory failure. [5][12]",
            "Urgent ICU airway assessment; intubate if accompanied by clinical deterioration, bulbar dysfunction, or poor secretion clearance. [20][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Maximal inspiratory pressure weaker than 30 cm H2O or NIF unable to reach -20 to -30 cm H2O [12][18]",
            "Very high risk of respiratory compromise. [18]",
            "Increase monitoring frequency and prepare for elective intubation. [18][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Maximal expiratory pressure below 40 cm H2O [12][22]",
            "Suggests impaired cough and secretion clearance. [12][22]",
            "Assess airway clearance and bulbar function; lower the intubation threshold if secretions cannot be managed. [22]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "serial-respiratory-mechanics",
      "eyebrow": "Bedside Testing",
      "heading": "How to trend respiratory mechanics",
      "intro": "Measure trends frequently enough to identify deterioration while elective airway control remains feasible.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Obtain serial FVC and inspiratory-pressure measurements in patients at meaningful risk of respiratory compromise. Respiratory mechanics are often measured every 2 to 4 hours initially when concern is high, with frequency adjusted to the rate of weakness progression and bulbar status. [22] A falling trend matters even before a fixed threshold is crossed, particularly during the first week of illness or when facial, neck, or bulbar weakness is evolving. [12][24]",
        "Use weight-based FVC when possible. An FVC below 20 mL/kg is an established warning threshold; vital capacity below 15 mL/kg, arterial PaO2 below 70 mm Hg, or significant fatigue are additional criteria cited for considering intubation. [1][12][22] One review also identifies vital capacity below 1 L or NIF below -70 as suggesting possible need for ventilatory support, but this should not override a concerning clinical airway examination or more conservative weight-based thresholds. [1]",
        "Inspiratory pressure should complement FVC, not replace it. Maximal inspiratory pressure less than 30 cm H2O predicts imminent respiratory failure, and inability to generate an NIF of -20 to -30 cm H2O identifies very high risk. [12][18] Maximal expiratory pressure below 40 cm H2O identifies weak expiratory muscles and impaired cough, a clinically important pathway to atelectasis, retained secretions, and aspiration-related respiratory deterioration. [12][23]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Repeat respiratory mechanics immediately when there is new dyspnea, tachypnea, diaphoresis, use of accessory muscles, thoracoabdominal asynchrony, weak cough, or diminished secretion clearance. [12][18]",
        "Obtain arterial blood gases when hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or clinical fatigue is suspected; do not wait for abnormal blood gases if airway protection or mechanics are failing. [1][5][20]",
        "Single-breath count is a rapid adjunct when formal mechanics are unavailable, but evidence cited for Guillain-Barré syndrome does not establish a count threshold for directing intubation. [4]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Interpretation pitfalls",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Normal pulse oximetry does not exclude impending neuromuscular ventilatory failure. Hypoxemia may reflect atelectasis, impaired cough, or aspiration, whereas hypercapnia may occur late after substantial inspiratory-muscle weakness. Use serial mechanics and bedside assessment to trigger elective airway decisions rather than waiting for oxygen desaturation. [5][22][23]",
            "Do not defer escalation solely because an isolated respiratory measurement is above a threshold. Progressive decline, fatigability, bulbar weakness, or secretion retention can make a numerically borderline result unsafe; emergency intubation is associated with prolonged ventilation and, when respiratory arrest occurs, risk of anoxic brain injury. [22][24]"
          ],
          "bullets": []
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Practical interpretation of serial respiratory assessments in Guillain-Barré syndrome. [1][5][12][18][22]",
        "columns": [
          "Assessment",
          "Actionable finding",
          "What it changes"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Forced vital capacity",
            "Below 20 mL/kg indicates imminent respiratory-failure risk; below 15 mL/kg is an additional intubation consideration. [1][5][12][22]",
            "Move to urgent airway planning and avoid delayed emergency intubation. [20][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Inspiratory strength",
            "Maximal inspiratory pressure weaker than 30 cm H2O, or NIF unable to reach -20 to -30 cm H2O. [12][18]",
            "Treat as high-risk respiratory-muscle weakness and increase monitoring or proceed to elective airway control according to clinical context. [18][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Expiratory strength",
            "Maximal expiratory pressure below 40 cm H2O. [12][22]",
            "Identify weak cough and secretion-clearance risk; reassess bulbar function and airway protection. [12][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Clinical airway examination",
            "Bulbar dysfunction, poor secretion handling, or ineffective cough. [20][22]",
            "May independently justify intubation despite less alarming mechanics or blood gases. [20][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Blood gases",
            "Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or refractory gas-exchange deterioration. [1][5]",
            "Supports immediate ventilatory intervention; do not require these abnormalities before intubating an unsafe airway. [20][22]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "intubation-and-ventilation",
      "eyebrow": "Airway Decisions",
      "heading": "When to intubate rather than continue observation",
      "intro": "The central tradeoff is avoidable intubation versus a preventable emergency airway.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Proceed with elective endotracheal intubation when there is impending respiratory failure, inability to protect the airway, inability to handle secretions, ineffective cough, or an unsustainable work of breathing. [5][20][22] Clinical signs associated with imminent respiratory failure include tachypnea, tachycardia, sweating, and asynchronous chest-abdominal movement, especially when accompanied by FVC below 20 mL/kg, maximal inspiratory pressure weaker than 30 cm H2O, or maximal expiratory pressure below 40 cm H2O. [12]",
        "Use a lower threshold when deterioration is rapid or when bulbar dysfunction coexists with declining mechanics. Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome should be intubated without delay if the airway is at risk. [20] Observation is reasonable only when serial mechanics are stable, cough and secretion management remain effective, swallowing is safe, and staff can recognize and respond quickly to further decline. [12][22]",
        "After intubation, anticipate prolonged support in some patients: large series cited durations of mechanical ventilation from 18 to 49 days. [24] Aggressive respiratory therapy, frequent suctioning, and ventilatory strategies to minimize atelectasis are emphasized because retained secretions and pulmonary complications are important sources of morbidity. [24] Consider tracheostomy only after reassessing expected recovery; one cited approach postpones the decision for approximately 2 weeks after intubation. [22]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Avoid noninvasive delay when bulbar dysfunction, secretion retention, or airway protection is impaired; these conditions favor a controlled invasive airway. [20][22]",
        "Continue continuous electrocardiographic and blood-pressure monitoring during airway management because dysautonomia and bradyarrhythmias may complicate intubation. [23]",
        "Reassess readiness for liberation from ventilation using recovery of respiratory mechanics, cough, and airway-protection function rather than limb strength alone. [23]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Airway-management triggers in Guillain-Barré syndrome. [5][12][20][22]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical state",
          "Preferred next step",
          "Rationale"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Stable mechanics, effective cough, no bulbar dysfunction, no rapid progression [12][22]",
            "Continue serial monitoring in a setting capable of rapid escalation. [12][22]",
            "Observation is acceptable only while respiratory and airway status remain stable. [12]"
          ],
          [
            "Declining FVC or inspiratory strength with fatigue or increased work of breathing [5][12]",
            "Arrange elective intubation before overt respiratory collapse. [20][22]",
            "Threshold mechanics and clinical fatigue indicate impending respiratory failure. [5][12]"
          ],
          [
            "Bulbar dysfunction with secretion retention or ineffective cough [20][22]",
            "Intubate for airway protection and pulmonary toilet. [20][22]",
            "Aspiration and airway compromise may precede abnormal blood gases. [20][22]"
          ],
          [
            "Hypercapnia, refractory hypoxemia, or unsustainable work of breathing [5]",
            "Immediate invasive mechanical ventilation. [5]",
            "These are manifestations of established respiratory failure. [5]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ongoing-icu-surveillance",
      "eyebrow": "Complication Prevention",
      "heading": "What to monitor after ICU transfer",
      "intro": "Respiratory failure is only one component of early Guillain-Barré critical care.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Continue serial respiratory mechanics and repeated assessment of cough, secretion clearance, and bulbar function after ICU transfer, including in intubated patients as weakness evolves. [18][22] Mechanical ventilation is required in up to 30% of patients in several reviews, and mechanically ventilated patients have substantial complication burden. [11][15][17][21]",
        "Monitor blood pressure and heart rhythm continuously when autonomic dysfunction is suspected. Dysautonomia can produce labile hypertension or hypotension and arrhythmias; clinical intervention for hypertension is described as necessary when end-organ damage is present. [18][23] Watch for urinary retention and ileus, which can accompany autonomic involvement and complicate ventilatory management. [12][23]",
        "Prevent immobility-related complications during prolonged weakness with attention to pressure areas, contractures, constipation, and renal calculi; for ventilated patients, prioritize secretion clearance and atelectasis prevention. [1][24] Mortality remains clinically meaningful in severe disease, with one review reporting approximately one in 20 deaths overall and an older guideline review reporting mortality as high as 20% among ventilated patients. [10][12]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Escalate respiratory support promptly for new atelectasis, worsening secretion burden, aspiration concern, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or declining mechanics. [5][23][24]",
        "Use interval neurologic examinations and outcome measures to follow disease activity and treatment response; fluid biomarkers remain under evaluation and are not established for routine monitoring. [10]",
        "Coordinate early rehabilitation planning once cardiorespiratory and autonomic stability permits, while continuing prevention of immobility complications. [1][10]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "ICU surveillance targets beyond respiratory mechanics in Guillain-Barré syndrome. [1][12][18][23][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Target",
          "Monitoring finding",
          "Response"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Autonomic function",
            "Heart-rate or blood-pressure fluctuations; arrhythmias. [13][18][23]",
            "Use continuous cardiac and blood-pressure monitoring; address hypertension when end-organ damage is present. [18][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Airway clearance",
            "Weak cough, retained secretions, atelectasis, or aspiration concern. [23][24]",
            "Increase pulmonary toilet, frequent suctioning, and strategies to minimize atelectasis; reassess airway adequacy. [24]"
          ],
          [
            "Gastrointestinal and urinary autonomic effects",
            "Ileus or urinary retention. [12][23]",
            "Identify and manage promptly because autonomic complications can worsen overall critical illness. [12][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Immobility complications",
            "Pressure injury, constipation, contracture, or renal-calculi risk. [1]",
            "Implement preventive nursing, positioning, and rehabilitation measures during prolonged weakness. [1]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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      "snippet": "Patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome require hospitalization because of the potential for respiratory failure. Pulmonary function tests should be performed frequently; a vital capacity of less than 1 liter or a negative inspiratory force of less than −70 suggests that ventilator support may be need",
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      "snippet": "vital capacity. These results also support that SCBT can assist the identification of MG exacerbation, including via assessment over the telephone. The included studies support a threshold count of≥25 as consistent with normal respiratory muscle function. Although further analysis is needed, the inc",
      "score": 0.80625874
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "Predictors of respiratory failure in Guillain−Barré syndrome: a 22 ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ene.16090",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "vital capacity <20 mL/kg or negative inspiratory force <−20 ・ signs: unsustainable work of breathing, refractory hypoxaemia, hypercapnia or",
      "score": 0.6490677
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "Clinical Vignettes - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1525-1497.18.s1.20.x",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Guillain-Barre syndrome. The presence of a maculopapular or morbilliform. The initial vital capacity (VC) was decreased to 0.89 L and the negative inspiratory",
      "score": 0.585789
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Poster Presentation Abstracts - 2026 - Wiley Online Library",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1756-185x.70440",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Forced vital capacity abnormal, 3, 57.61 (17.35, 191.32), 57.61 (17.43 ... Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). Case History: A male patient in",
      "score": 0.35273725
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "ePresentation - 2025 - European Journal of Neurology",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ene.70191",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Unraveling Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Predictors, patterns and outcomes from a decade of care. M. Pereira1; C. Guedes Vaz1; D. Pereira1; M",
      "score": 0.4797236
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Clinical presentation and symptomatology of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A literature review",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11272278",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Open in a new tab\n\nTable 1 provides a comprehensive overview of clinical guidelines for managing Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) from various reputable organizations and healthcare authorities worldwide. It includes guidelines from prominent entities such as the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), Eu",
      "score": 0.72231215
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Guillain‐Barré syndrome: a comprehensive review - PMC - NIH",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11235944",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "About a third of patients with GBS develop a severe, generalised neuropathy, and ultimately require mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. One in 20 patients die. Increased understanding of GBS has not been paralleled by progress in therapeutics, and the mainstay of treatment remains int",
      "score": 0.7213709
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Intensive Care and Treatment of Severe Guillain–Barré Syndrome",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8113987",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": ". Hahn (2001). The challenge of respiratory dysfunction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. _Arch. Neurol._ 58, 871–872. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.6.871  [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]\n   . Hamel, Logigian (2018). Acute nutritional axonal neuropathy. _Muscle Nerve_ 57, 33–39. doi: 10.1002/mus.25702  [DOI] [",
      "score": 0.66569364
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Treatment guidelines for Guillain–Barré Syndrome - PMC - NIH",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3152164",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "## Supportive Care\n\nImmunotherapy therapy has not reduced the mortality in GBS. Mortality is due to disease-related issues or secondary complications developed in hospital due to prolonged disease course. Meticulous and attentive care of these patients are essential in reducing the mortality. Suppor",
      "score": 0.6055431
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Guillain-Barre Syndrome - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532254",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Getahun GA, Arega G, Jemal MK, Woldie BG, Gudina EK. Clin Case Rep. 2025 Sep; 13(9):e70932. Epub 2025 Sep 22.\n Review European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome.[J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2023]\n\n  Review European Academy of Neur",
      "score": 0.52378637
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Pearls and pitfalls in the intensive care management of ...",
      "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11774055",
      "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "by JA Chalela · 2001 · Cited by 61 — Approximately one third of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) need to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of respiratory failure.",
      "score": 0.50915486
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome",
      "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33112177",
      "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "by P Shang · 2020 · Cited by 89 — Up to 30% of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) develop respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission and",
      "score": 0.4646835
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Respiratory dysfunction in Guillain-Barré Syndrome",
      "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16174943",
      "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "by D Orlikowski · 2004 · Cited by 116 — About 30% of patients have respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission and invasive mechanical ventilation.",
      "score": 0.45885846
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Intensive Care and Treatment of Severe Guillain-Barré ...",
      "detail": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995011",
      "authors": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "by P Shang · 2021 · Cited by 120 — Up to 30% of patients develop respiratory failure during hospitalization and require mechanical ventilation and intensive care.",
      "score": 0.45188335
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568815",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spine may show enhancement of the nerve roots, indicating a breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier due to inflammation in GBS. However, MRI utility in GBS is most useful to rule out other etiologies of quadriparesis or facial diplegia such as tr",
      "score": 0.53021276
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "[PDF] Guillain-Barré syndrome and antecedent cytomegalovirus infection ...",
      "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/93865/cdc_93865_DS1.pdf",
      "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "host": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "snippet": "Frequency of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)-related procedures, GBS severity and outcomes, and infections and vaccinations within 60 days prior to GBS onset, MarketScan 2009–2015 (N = 3,532) All Ages N = 3,486 0–17 years N = 288 ≥ 18 years N = 3,198 p-value by age group Variable # % # % # % GBS-relat",
      "score": 0.6058229
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Critical Care of Neuromuscular Disorders | Continuum",
      "detail": "www.neurology.org",
      "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/full/10.1212/CON.0000000000000682",
      "authors": "www.neurology.org",
      "host": "www.neurology.org",
      "snippet": "On the other hand, patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome should be intubated without delay if the airway is at risk to avoid further complications. In patients",
      "score": 0.49392182
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "The morbidity of Guillain-Barré syndrome admitted to the intensive ...",
      "detail": "www.neurology.org",
      "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/01.WNL.0000035640.84053.5B",
      "authors": "www.neurology.org",
      "host": "www.neurology.org",
      "snippet": "Major morbidity occurred in 60% of patients. Complications were uncommon if ICU stay was less than 3 weeks. Respiratory complications such as pneumonia",
      "score": 0.4635177
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Guillain-Barré Syndrome - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/guillain-barre-syndrome",
      "authors": "sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "involve various levels of lower motor neurons, including to the diaphragm and to other thoracoabdominal muscles, and cranial nerves. Respiratory failure caused by respiratory muscle weakness, aspiration pneumonia, and cough impairment can develop. Repeated measurements of vital capacity and blood ga",
      "score": 0.73023266
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Guillain-Barre Syndrome - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/guillain-barre-syndrome",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "involve various levels of lower motor neurons, including to the diaphragm and to other thoracoabdominal muscles, and cranial nerves. Respiratory failure caused by respiratory muscle weakness, aspiration pneumonia, and cough impairment can develop. Repeated measurements of vital capacity and blood ga",
      "score": 0.72254705
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Cholinergic Crisis - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/cholinergic-crisis",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Mechanical ventilation is required in 20% to 30% of patients with GBS.32–34 The decision of when to intubate patients with respiratory failure caused by GBS has been discretionary. It requires a clinical choice between premature intubation, with secondary risk of tracheal and pulmonary injury, and w",
      "score": 0.6929958
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T21:19:37.663130+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T21:19:37.663130+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 6,
  "slug": "guillain-barre-respiratory-monitoring"
}