{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Rheumatology", "title": "Giant Cell Arteritis Immediate Management", "summary": "Treat suspected giant cell arteritis immediately when cranial ischemia is possible: obtain inflammatory markers and urgent diagnostic testing without delaying glucocorticoids, stratify visual and cerebrovascular threat, and add steroid-sparing therapy when prolonged immunosuppression is anticipated.", "seoDescription": "Immediate management of suspected giant cell arteritis: protect vision, start glucocorticoids promptly, obtain diagnostic testing, and select steroid-sparing therapy.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians immediately evaluate and treat suspected giant cell arteritis while preventing irreversible ischemic complications?", "specialty": "Rheumatology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "giant cell arteritis", "temporal arteritis", "vision loss", "glucocorticoids", "tocilizumab", "temporal artery biopsy" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "In suspected GCA, initiate high-dose glucocorticoids promptly; treatment should not wait for temporal artery biopsy or imaging because untreated disease can rapidly cause irreversible visual loss. [17][18]", "Treat new visual symptoms, ischemia-related vision loss, or other cranial ischemic features as an emergency; these patients require immediate glucocorticoid therapy while diagnostic confirmation proceeds. [1][17][18]", "Obtain CRP and ESR at presentation, but do not exclude GCA solely because markers are normal: simultaneous normal ESR and CRP is uncommon but occurs in fewer than 3% of cases. [7]", "Use a prompt confirmatory pathway with expert temporal/axillary artery ultrasound or temporal artery biopsy; neither modality is fully sensitive, so pursue a second diagnostic test when clinical probability remains high after a negative initial study. [8]", "For steroid-sparing treatment, FDA labeling supports tocilizumab 162 mg subcutaneously weekly, or every other week when clinically appropriate, with a tapering glucocorticoid course; upadacitinib 15 mg orally daily is also FDA-labeled for adult GCA. [2][3]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "first-hour-actions", "eyebrow": "Emergency triage", "heading": "Act before confirmation when GCA is clinically suspected", "intro": "Visual and cerebrovascular ischemia determine the urgency of initial treatment.", "paragraphs": [ "In a patient aged 50 years or older with new localized headache, scalp tenderness, temporal artery abnormality, jaw or mouth pain with mastication, ischemia-related visual loss, or polymyalgia rheumatica symptoms, treat the presentation as suspected GCA when the overall clinical pattern is compatible. Diagnostic trial criteria required age 50 years or older, inflammatory-marker elevation, cranial or polymyalgia symptoms, and either positive temporal artery biopsy or large-vessel vasculitis on imaging. [1]", "Do not defer glucocorticoids while awaiting temporal artery biopsy, vascular ultrasound, or cross-sectional imaging. Immediate glucocorticoid therapy is the treatment of choice in suspected GCA, and prompt treatment is intended to prevent progression to blindness. [17][18]", "At first assessment, specifically document transient or persistent monocular visual symptoms, diplopia, objective visual loss, jaw claudication, focal neurologic symptoms, and pulse or blood-pressure asymmetry. Ischemia-related vision loss is a recognized cranial manifestation in GCA diagnostic criteria and should move the patient into an emergency treatment pathway rather than an outpatient diagnostic sequence. [1]" ], "bullets": [ "Obtain ESR and CRP before or at glucocorticoid initiation when this does not delay treatment; both are typically elevated, but normal ESR plus normal CRP occurs in fewer than 3% of GCA cases. [7]", "Arrange same-day ophthalmologic assessment for visual complaints or documented visual deficit, while administering glucocorticoids rather than waiting for examination findings. [17][18]", "Engage rheumatology urgently to coordinate diagnostic confirmation, glucocorticoid tapering, and selection of steroid-sparing therapy. [2][3][11]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Immediate management branch by ischemic presentation. [1][17][18]", "columns": [ "Presentation", "Immediate action", "Diagnostic workup that proceeds in parallel" ], "rows": [ [ "New visual symptom, ischemia-related visual loss, diplopia, or focal neurologic symptom", "Administer high-dose glucocorticoids immediately; do not wait for diagnostic confirmation. [17][18]", "Urgent ophthalmologic assessment for visual symptoms; obtain ESR and CRP and arrange vascular imaging or temporal artery biopsy. [1][7][8]" ], [ "Cranial symptoms without visual or neurologic ischemia", "Start glucocorticoids promptly because cranial GCA can progress to irreversible visual loss. [17][18]", "Obtain ESR and CRP; use expert ultrasound or temporal artery biopsy, adding a second modality if initial testing is negative but suspicion remains high. [7][8]" ], [ "Polymyalgia rheumatica pattern with suspected large-vessel GCA", "Start glucocorticoids promptly when GCA is suspected; assess specifically for occult cranial ischemic symptoms before choosing the urgency pathway. [1][17][18]", "Seek evidence of large-vessel vasculitis by angiographic imaging and use biopsy or vascular imaging to confirm the diagnosis. [1][8]" ] ] } }, { "id": "confirm-diagnosis-without-delay", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic confirmation", "heading": "Use inflammatory markers and vascular testing without delaying treatment", "intro": "Testing should confirm or redirect management, not create a treatment delay.", "paragraphs": [ "Order CRP and ESR at presentation. In one sequential diagnostic analysis, CRP had 86% sensitivity and 56% specificity, while routine ESR had 89% sensitivity and 47% specificity; platelet count had lower sensitivity at 38% but higher specificity at 88%. These tests modify probability but do not independently establish or exclude GCA. [19]", "Use temporal artery ultrasound when an experienced vascular ultrasonography pathway is immediately available, or obtain temporal artery biopsy when it is the locally established confirmatory test. Imaging and biopsy have similar diagnostic value in proficient hands, but temporal artery ultrasound and MRI identified only 77% and 73%, respectively, of clinically diagnosed cases in cited studies; a negative study therefore does not reliably dismiss a high-probability presentation. [8]", "If temporal artery biopsy is chosen, obtain an arterial specimen at least 1 cm in length, corresponding to at least 0.7 cm after fixation. Routine contralateral biopsy is not recommended because it does not significantly increase diagnostic yield. [7]", "For suspected extracranial or large-vessel disease, obtain angiographic imaging to identify large-vessel vasculitis; this is an accepted diagnostic evidence pathway in addition to temporal artery biopsy. In a patient with persistent high clinical suspicion after negative ultrasound, MRI, or biopsy, pursue a second diagnostic modality rather than stopping therapy solely on one negative test. [1][8]" ], "bullets": [ "A normal CRP or ESR lowers but does not eliminate probability; simultaneous normal values are unusual, not impossible. [7]", "Document the pretest phenotype—cranial ischemic, cranial nonischemic, polymyalgia-associated, or large-vessel predominant—because each determines the required urgency and imaging target. [1][16]", "Do not use temporal artery histologic features to select glucocorticoid intensity or routine follow-up strategy; biopsy inflammatory patterns have not shown sufficient predictive value for clinical events. [7]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "How initial tests change the next diagnostic action in suspected GCA. [1][7][8][19]", "columns": [ "Test or finding", "Interpretation", "Next action" ], "rows": [ [ "CRP and ESR elevated", "Supports an inflammatory GCA phenotype but is nonspecific. [7][19]", "Continue urgent vascular confirmation and glucocorticoid treatment when clinical suspicion is meaningful. [8][17]" ], [ "CRP and ESR both normal", "Uncommon in GCA, occurring in fewer than 3% of cases; does not exclude disease. [7]", "If cranial ischemic or otherwise compelling clinical features are present, continue emergency treatment and obtain vascular testing. [8][17]" ], [ "Negative ultrasound or MRI with high clinical suspicion", "A single imaging study has imperfect sensitivity. [8]", "Obtain a second diagnostic test, such as temporal artery biopsy or alternate imaging, rather than using one negative test as definitive exclusion. [8]" ], [ "Positive temporal artery biopsy or angiographic large-vessel vasculitis", "Provides objective support for GCA in the appropriate clinical syndrome. [1]", "Continue disease-directed therapy and plan a glucocorticoid taper with consideration of steroid-sparing therapy. [2][3][11]" ] ] } }, { "id": "glucocorticoid-induction", "eyebrow": "Induction treatment", "heading": "Choose glucocorticoid route by ischemic threat", "intro": "Glucocorticoids are the immediate disease-controlling therapy; visual risk drives escalation.", "paragraphs": [ "Glucocorticoids remain the mainstay of initial GCA treatment because they control headache and systemic inflammation and normalize inflammatory markers. Initiate them promptly in clinically suspected disease, then tailor the route and intensity to cranial ischemic risk rather than waiting for pathology. [5][17][18]", "For patients with cranial ischemic manifestations, including visual symptoms or ischemia-related vision loss, use an emergency high-dose glucocorticoid strategy. Trials of initial intravenous methylprednisolone have used 15 mg/kg daily for 3 days followed by oral prednisone 40 mg/day, but the evidence base does not define one optimal induction dose, route, taper, or total duration. [9][18]", "In patients without ischemic visual symptoms, oral high-dose glucocorticoid therapy is generally used promptly. Randomized comparisons of intravenous versus oral induction in nonischemic presentations have not demonstrated a consistent advantage for intravenous induction, and one larger trial found no difference in disease course over follow-up. [16]", "Reassess symptoms at each contact during induction, particularly headache, jaw claudication, visual symptoms, polymyalgia symptoms, and new large-vessel manifestations. ESR and CRP are useful baseline measures, but treatment response and relapse assessment cannot rely exclusively on acute-phase reactants, particularly after IL-6 pathway inhibition. [1][7][11]" ], "bullets": [ "New or recurrent visual symptoms during treatment require immediate reassessment for active ischemic GCA and urgent escalation of the treatment pathway. [1][17][18]", "Avoid interpreting initial response to glucocorticoids as diagnostic proof; obtain objective vascular confirmation whenever feasible because prolonged glucocorticoid exposure has substantial clinical consequences. [8][22]", "Plan glucocorticoid tapering with rheumatology rather than applying an unsupported fixed schedule; evidence reviews identify uncertainty regarding the optimal starting dose, taper, and treatment duration. [9][18]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Glucocorticoid induction decisions in GCA. [9][16][17][18]", "columns": [ "Clinical branch", "Initial treatment implication", "Evidence-based limitation" ], "rows": [ [ "Visual or other cranial ischemic manifestation", "Treat immediately with high-dose glucocorticoids; intravenous methylprednisolone regimens have included 15 mg/kg for 3 days followed by prednisone 40 mg/day. [9][17][18]", "No single optimal induction route or dose is established. [9][18]" ], [ "No ischemic visual manifestation", "Start oral high-dose glucocorticoids promptly. [16][18]", "Trials comparing intravenous and oral induction have not shown a consistent benefit for routine intravenous induction in this subgroup. [16]" ], [ "Diagnostic testing pending", "Continue urgent treatment when clinical suspicion warrants it. [17][18]", "Do not treat biopsy or imaging delay as a reason to defer glucocorticoids. [17][18]" ] ] } }, { "id": "steroid-sparing-treatment", "eyebrow": "Disease modification", "heading": "Add FDA-labeled steroid-sparing therapy when prolonged treatment risk is substantial", "intro": "Steroid-sparing therapy should accompany—not delay—urgent glucocorticoid induction.", "paragraphs": [ "Tocilizumab is FDA-indicated for adult GCA. The labeled regimen is 162 mg subcutaneously once weekly with a tapering glucocorticoid course; 162 mg every other week may be selected on clinical grounds. Tocilizumab may be continued as monotherapy after glucocorticoids are discontinued. [2]", "Before initiating tocilizumab, evaluate for tuberculosis according to labeling and monitor for infection during and after therapy, including active tuberculosis despite a negative baseline latent-tuberculosis test. Monitor for dose-related laboratory abnormalities, including elevated liver enzymes, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. [2]", "Upadacitinib is FDA-indicated for adults with GCA at 15 mg orally once daily with a tapering corticosteroid course and may be used as monotherapy after corticosteroid discontinuation. The label states that no dosage adjustment is needed for mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment in GCA. [3]", "Methotrexate is a potential glucocorticoid adjunct, and systematic review evidence identifies both methotrexate and tocilizumab as therapies that reduce relapse rates when added to glucocorticoids. In immediate management, choose a steroid-sparing agent after stabilization based on infection risk, laboratory monitoring capacity, comorbidity, medication interactions, and the need to reduce cumulative glucocorticoid exposure. [4][11]" ], "bullets": [ "Use the weekly or every-other-week tocilizumab schedule only in combination with glucocorticoid tapering at initiation; do not substitute it for emergency glucocorticoid treatment in threatened vision. [2][17][18]", "Monitor tocilizumab-treated patients clinically for infection and with laboratory surveillance for liver enzyme elevation, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. [2]", "Consider upadacitinib 15 mg daily as an FDA-labeled alternative for adult GCA when its risk-benefit profile is preferable for the individual patient. [3]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "FDA-labeled steroid-sparing regimens for adult GCA. [2][3]", "columns": [ "Agent", "Labeled regimen", "Immediate monitoring or selection issue" ], "rows": [ [ "Tocilizumab", "162 mg subcutaneously weekly with a tapering glucocorticoid course; every-other-week dosing may be used based on clinical considerations; monotherapy may follow glucocorticoid discontinuation. [2]", "Screen for tuberculosis before initiation; monitor for infection, liver enzyme elevation, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. [2]" ], [ "Upadacitinib", "15 mg orally once daily with a tapering corticosteroid course; monotherapy may follow corticosteroid discontinuation. [3]", "No renal dose adjustment is needed for mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment in GCA. [3]" ] ] } }, { "id": "early-monitoring-and-escalation", "eyebrow": "First days to weeks", "heading": "Monitor symptoms directly and escalate recurrent ischemia immediately", "intro": "Clinical ischemic surveillance remains essential after treatment begins.", "paragraphs": [ "At every early follow-up, assess for new headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual disturbance, visual loss, polymyalgia symptoms, focal neurologic symptoms, constitutional symptoms, and treatment toxicity. Clinical trials evaluated GCA signs and symptoms at every study visit, including headache, jaw pain, PMR/myalgia, and joint pains. [1]", "For a patient receiving tocilizumab, interpret normalization of ESR or CRP cautiously because IL-6 pathway inhibition directly affects acute-phase reactants. In the upadacitinib GCA study endpoint, sustained complete remission required absence of GCA signs and symptoms plus protocol-defined normal ESR and hsCRP from week 12 through week 52, illustrating that objective markers and symptom assessment were both incorporated rather than treating either alone as sufficient. [3]", "New visual or neurologic ischemic symptoms after therapy initiation are not routine outpatient relapse complaints: urgently reassess the diagnosis, treatment adherence, active arterial ischemia, and need for emergency high-dose glucocorticoid management. A negative prior ultrasound, MRI, or biopsy should not prevent reevaluation if the clinical syndrome is compelling. [8][17][18]", "For large-vessel disease, retain longitudinal attention to aortic complications. GCA can involve the aorta and subclavian or carotid branches and may lead to aneurysm, rupture, or dissection; use vascular imaging when clinical findings suggest extracranial arterial involvement. [17][22]" ], "bullets": [ "Escalation trigger: any new transient or persistent visual symptom, diplopia, ischemia-related visual loss, or focal neurologic symptom. Treat as urgent recurrent ischemic GCA until evaluated. [1][17][18]", "Reconsider the diagnosis when the phenotype, inflammatory pattern, vascular testing, and treatment course do not align; obtain a second vascular diagnostic study when initial testing was negative but clinical suspicion remains high. [8]", "During tocilizumab therapy, actively screen for infection and obtain laboratory monitoring for liver enzymes, neutrophil count, and platelet count. [2]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Early monitoring priorities after initiating therapy. [1][2][3][8][17][22]", "columns": [ "Finding at follow-up", "Interpretation", "Action" ], "rows": [ [ "New visual symptom or focal neurologic symptom", "Possible recurrent or progressive cranial ischemia. [1][17]", "Urgently reassess and reinstitute an emergency high-dose glucocorticoid pathway while evaluating ischemia. [17][18]" ], [ "Symptom recurrence with initially negative imaging or biopsy", "A prior single negative study does not exclude GCA. [8]", "Obtain a second diagnostic modality and reassess for alternative diagnoses. [8]" ], [ "Tocilizumab treatment", "Risk includes infection, elevated liver enzymes, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. [2]", "Monitor clinically for infection and with laboratory testing for listed abnormalities. [2]" ], [ "Suspected large-vessel manifestations", "GCA may involve the aorta and major branch vessels, with aneurysm, rupture, or dissection as potential complications. [17][22]", "Obtain vascular imaging directed to suspected arterial territory. 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Oxford Academic", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/rheumap/issue-pdf/8/Supplement_1/60011541", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "[PDF] 125276Orig1s112 | FDA", "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2017/125276Orig1s112.pdf", "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "snippet": "Diagnosis of GCA based on the following criteria: • Age ≥50 years • History of ESR ≥50 mm/hour (if historic ESR unavailable, history of CRP ≥2.45 mg/dL required) • AND at least one of the following: Reference ID: 4091097 Clinical Review Rachel L. Glaser 125472/s24; 125276/s112 Tocilizumab for Giant ", "score": 0.72884524 }, { "number": 2, "title": "ACTEMRA (tocilizumab) injection - accessdata.fda.gov", "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/125276s114lbl.pdf", "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "snippet": "of certain dose-related laboratory changes including elevated liver enzymes, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia [see Dosage and Administration (2.9), Warnings and Precautions (5.3), and Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. This label may not be the latest approved by FDA. For current labeling information, pleas", "score": 0.6108487 }, { "number": 3, "title": "rinvoq/rinvoq lq - accessdata.fda.gov", "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/211675s025lbl.pdf", "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov", "snippet": "the health care provider. 2.11 Recommended Dosage in Giant Cell Arteritis The recommended dosage of RINVOQ is 15 mg once daily in combination with a tapering course of corticosteroids. RINVOQ 15 mg once daily can be used as monotherapy following discontinuation of corticosteroids. 2.12 Recommended D", "score": 0.24821557 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528218", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "Consensus-based recommendations suggest glucocorticoids as the most effective therapy for PMR/GCA. Methotrexate may be added to glucocorticoids", "score": 0.62495816 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis", "detail": "www.nejm.org", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1613849", "authors": "www.nejm.org", "host": "www.nejm.org", "snippet": "Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment because they control headaches and systemic inflammation, normalize inflammatory markers, and", "score": 0.5611433 }, { "number": 6, "title": "SAT0190 A Diagnostic Protocol for GIANT Cell Arteritis (GCA) Using ...", "detail": "ard.bmj.com", "url": "https://ard.bmj.com/content/73/Suppl_2/658.3", "authors": "ard.bmj.com", "host": "ard.bmj.com", "snippet": "Ultrasound (US) has been used in the diagnosis of GCA since the early 90's, however it has not yet superseded temporal artery biopsy as a diagnostic test,", "score": 0.65914243 }, { "number": 7, "title": "2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the ...", "detail": "ard.bmj.com", "url": "https://ard.bmj.com/content/annrheumdis/early/2019/07/02/annrheumdis-2019-215672.full.pdf", "authors": "ard.bmj.com", "host": "ard.bmj.com", "snippet": "► ►Develop data-driven diagnostic criteria for LVV.\n► ►Develop data-driven definitions for disease activity states (remission, response, relapse) and standardisation of outcome measures used in trials for LVV.\n► ►Develop data-driven definitions of disease subtypes of importance in giant cell arterit", "score": 0.59655124 }, { "number": 8, "title": "2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management ...", "detail": "ard.bmj.com", "url": "https://ard.bmj.com/content/79/1/19", "authors": "ard.bmj.com", "host": "ard.bmj.com", "snippet": "The original recommendations advised TAB in every case of suspected GCA.1 Since then, a large amount of good-quality data demonstrated that imaging and biopsy have similar diagnostic value if assessors are proficient in these techniques.2 13 The recently published EULAR recommendations for the use o", "score": 0.5443418 }, { "number": 9, "title": "focus on giant cell - RMD Open", "detail": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/rmdopen/5/2/e001003.full.pdf", "authors": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "host": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "Int J Rheum Dis 2018;21:285–91. 71. Mazlumzadeh M, Hunder GG, Easley KA, et al. Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3310–8. 72. Cacoub P , Chemlal ", "score": 0.57006866 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Giant cell arteritis - The BMJ", "detail": "www.bmj.com", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1964", "authors": "www.bmj.com", "host": "www.bmj.com", "snippet": "Patients taking tocilizumab are at increased risk of serious infections, gastric perforation, laboratory abnormalities (thrombocytopenia,", "score": 0.4785538 }, { "number": 11, "title": "focus on giant cell arteritis | RMD Open", "detail": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/5/2/e001003", "authors": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "host": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "The addition of methotrexate or tocilizumab reduces relapse rates and. There is little evidence to guide monitoring of patients with GCA. Rapid", "score": 0.44883752 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Table of contents - RMD Open", "detail": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/rmdopen/5/2/e001020/DC2/embed/inline-supplementary-material-2.pdf?download=true", "authors": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "host": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "LV-GCA: large vessel giant cell arteritis. LVV ... therapy; treatment*; glucocorticoid*; steroid*; corticosteroid*; prednisone; ... The efficacy of tocilizumab for", "score": 0.43885794 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Summary tables of evidence SLR focused on treatment - RMD Open", "detail": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/rmdopen/5/2/e001003/DC3/embed/inline-supplementary-material-3.pdf?download=true", "authors": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "host": "rmdopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "Evidence retrieved for the use of glucocorticoids in giant cell arteritis: flare-free at 26 weeks. Long-term efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in giant cell", "score": 0.4325193 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Current and Future Treatments for Takayasu Arteritis", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.076308", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "Glucocorticoid dosages and acute-phase reactant levels at giant cell arteritis flare in a randomized trial of tocilizumab. Arthritis", "score": 0.46380913 }, { "number": 15, "title": "2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/STR.0000000000000375", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "of giant cell arteritis, the benefit of an initial high- dose intravenous pulse of steroids versus oral ste- roids in stroke prevention is", "score": 0.28570613 }, { "number": 16, "title": "The spectrum of giant cell arteritis through a rheumatology lens | Eye", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03153-7", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Once effective therapy became available, the main imperative became to “prevent visual loss”. Because not all patients lost vision, and because temporal artery biopsy was the main method of confirming diagnosis, the idea of two clinical “phenotypes” or “disease subsets” of “cranial” and “large-vess", "score": 0.70799106 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Automated detection of giant cell arteritis from temporal artery biopsy specimens using deep learning approaches | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-34962-9", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "presentations. However, GCA of the ophthalmic arteries is of utmost concern due to high rates of vision loss in almost half of symptomatic patients within days to weeks of symptom onset without treatment4, 1997 (2022).\"). Though the disease incidence remains low at about 10/100,000 patients, early d", "score": 0.6097339 }, { "number": 18, "title": "A new era for giant cell arteritis | Eye", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-019-0608-7", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Article \nCAS \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nBirkhead N, Wagener H, Shick R. Treatment of temporal arteritis with adrenal corticosteroids; results in fifty-five cases in which lesion was proved at biopsy. J Am Med Assoc. 1957;163:821–7.\n\nArticle \nCAS \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nPatil P, Williams M, Maw W, Ach", "score": 0.6041426 }, { "number": 19, "title": "An update on the clinical approach to giant cell arteritis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470211824029786", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "2023, Life Show abstract Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an ophthalmological emergency that can be difficult to diagnose and prompt treatment is vital. We investigated the sequential diagnostic value for patients with suspected GCA using three biochemical measures as they arrive to the clinician: fir", "score": 0.6922474 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Temporal Artery Ultrasound to Diagnose Giant Cell Arteritis: A Practical Guide - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301562920304464", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Autoimmunity Rev\n\n### The 2016 revised ACR criteria for diagnosis of giant cell arteritis—Our case series: Can this avoid unnecessary temporal artery biopsies?\n\n### Int J Surg Open\n\n### Novel ultrasonographic halo score for giant cell arteritis: Assessment of diagnostic accuracy and association ", "score": 0.6175132 }, { "number": 21, "title": "The 2016 revised ACR criteria for diagnosis of giant cell arteritis – Our case series: Can this avoid unnecessary temporal artery biopsies?", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405857217300657", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Results and Discussion\n\nForty two TABs were performed during this period of which 10 were males and 32 females. ROC analysis showed significant relationships between both ACR and rACR to TAB result. The AUC for rACR was 0.880 (p<0.001) and for ACR was 0.737 (p=0.023). The median time to TAB from", "score": 0.56661874 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Use of Noninvasive Imaging in Giant Cell Arteritis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2162098923002864", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Case report Open access Giant cell arteritis: A case report and review of literature Crain M.A., …, Kim C.Radiology Case Reports • Volume 16 • 2021 Show abstract Giant cell arteritis, the most common form of vasculitis in the elderly, is characterized by granulomatous inflammation of arteries, whic", "score": 0.5530473 }, { "number": 23, "title": "The Common Carotid Artery in the Ultrasound... : JCR - Ovid", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/fulltext/2024/09000/the_common_carotid_artery_in_the_ultrasound.6.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Vascular ultrasound is commonly used to diagnose giant cell arteritis (GCA). Most protocols include the temporal arteries and axillary arteries, but it is", "score": 0.47694567 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Rheumatology-TP 1..2 - Oxford Academic", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/rheumap/issue-pdf/8/Supplement_1/60011541", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "giant cell arteritis (GCA), Treatment commenced with hydroxychloroquine, intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 days then switched to high-dose", "score": 0.57894874 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T22:19:21.318957+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T22:19:21.318957+00:00", "readingMinutes": 7, "slug": "giant-cell-arteritis-immediate-management" }