{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Gastroenterology",
  "title": "Gastritis",
  "summary": "Manage suspected gastritis by separating histologically confirmed inflammation from reactive gastropathy, identifying Helicobacter pylori, medication or alcohol injury, and recognizing atrophic or autoimmune patterns that require systematic biopsy staging and cancer-risk surveillance planning.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to diagnosing gastritis, testing for Helicobacter pylori, recognizing atrophic and autoimmune patterns, and directing biopsy-based management.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians evaluate gastritis, identify its cause, and recognize atrophic disease requiring biopsy-based risk stratification?",
  "specialty": "Gastroenterology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "gastritis",
    "Helicobacter pylori",
    "atrophic gastritis",
    "autoimmune gastritis",
    "gastric intestinal metaplasia",
    "Sydney biopsy protocol",
    "NSAID gastropathy"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Reserve the diagnosis of gastritis for histologic gastric mucosal inflammation; lesions with minimal or absent inflammation are gastropathy and should redirect the etiologic assessment. [1][2]",
    "Test for active H. pylori infection with urea breath or stool antigen testing when endoscopy is not otherwise required; both can be falsely negative with acid suppression or recent antibiotic exposure. [8][9]",
    "In suspected atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia, obtain at least five systematic biopsies from antrum/incisura and corpus in separately labeled containers, plus targeted biopsies of visible abnormalities. [11]",
    "H. pylori-associated gastritis is an infectious cause of chronic active gastritis; eradication heals inflammation and is essential in atrophic gastritis management. [4][11]",
    "Autoimmune gastritis is a corpus-predominant oxyntic process; assess for concomitant autoimmune thyroid disease and use endoscopic and histologic staging to determine surveillance needs. [10][11]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "triage-and-diagnostic-frame",
      "eyebrow": "Initial Assessment",
      "heading": "Separate true gastritis from reactive mucosal injury",
      "intro": "The diagnostic endpoint is cause-specific histology, not a symptom label.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Use “gastritis” when gastric biopsy shows mucosal inflammation. Apply “gastropathy” to erosive or hemorrhagic-appearing injury with minimal or no inflammation; this distinction matters because reactive injury shifts attention toward NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, ischemic stress, and other chemical or hemodynamic exposures rather than infection or autoimmunity. [1][2][10]",
        "In an acute-care presentation, identify patients in whom mucosal injury may reflect stress-related ischemia rather than uncomplicated dyspepsia. Stress is a recognized cause of gastritis secondary to mucosal ischemia; pursue the underlying hemodynamic or critical-illness driver while arranging upper endoscopy when diagnostic or therapeutic evaluation is otherwise indicated. [1][2]",
        "At the first evaluation, document current and recent NSAID exposure, alcohol use, prior H. pylori testing or treatment, antibiotics, proton-pump inhibitor use, and autoimmune history. H. pylori, NSAIDs, and alcohol are common causes; autoimmune gastritis and stress-associated mucosal ischemia are important alternative branches. [1][2]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Do not use endoscopic appearance alone to exclude atrophic gastritis: microscopic evaluation of gastric biopsies is required. [10]",
        "Consider rare bacterial phlegmonous gastritis when the presentation suggests an invasive gastric infection rather than routine chronic gastritis. [2]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Etiologic branches that change the diagnostic next step. [1][2][4][10][11]",
        "columns": [
          "Pattern or exposure",
          "Most useful discriminator",
          "Next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "H. pylori-associated gastritis",
            "Active-infection testing or organism detection on endoscopic sampling; infection causes chronic active gastritis. [4][9]",
            "Treat confirmed infection and document eradication with an active-infection test. [4][9]"
          ],
          [
            "NSAID-, alcohol-, bile-, or other reactive injury",
            "Exposure history plus biopsy showing minimal inflammation supports gastropathy rather than true gastritis. [1][2][10]",
            "Remove or modify the offending exposure and reassess the need for endoscopy or biopsy if symptoms or lesions persist. [1][2]"
          ],
          [
            "Atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia",
            "Systematic biopsies establish histologic diagnosis, distribution, and stage. [10][11]",
            "Test for H. pylori, eradicate if present, and use endoscopic and histologic staging for surveillance decisions. [11]"
          ],
          [
            "Autoimmune gastritis",
            "Diffuse fundic/corpus atrophy from immune-mediated oxyntic epithelial destruction. [10]",
            "Stage endoscopically and histologically; assess for associated autoimmune thyroid disease. [11]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "h-pylori-testing",
      "eyebrow": "Infectious Branch",
      "heading": "Test for active Helicobacter pylori infection correctly",
      "intro": "Choose a test that answers whether active infection is present.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "When endoscopy is not otherwise necessary, use a urea breath test or stool antigen test to diagnose active H. pylori infection. Stool antigen detection represents active infection and can be used both for initial diagnosis and confirmation of successful eradication; urea breath testing likewise documents active infection. [9]",
        "Before a negative urea breath or stool antigen result is accepted, review medication timing. Both tests have reduced sensitivity during acid-reduction therapy and after recent antibiotics; proton-pump inhibitor use within 2 weeks can interfere with urea breath testing. Bismuth can also complicate stool antigen testing. [8][9]",
        "Do not use IgG serology to establish cure because it cannot distinguish current infection from prior exposure. Serology may retain sensitivity despite proton-pump inhibitor or antibiotic use, but assay performance varies by kit and patient factors, so a positive result requires clinical context and does not itself establish active infection. [8]",
        "If upper endoscopy is being performed for another indication, obtain gastric biopsies for histologic assessment and H. pylori evaluation. Histology is described as the diagnostic reference standard, but organism distribution can be patchy and noninvasive testing can be discordant with biopsy findings. [8][9]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use stool antigen or urea breath testing to confirm eradication because each identifies active infection. [9]",
        "Interpret a negative breath or stool test cautiously after proton-pump inhibitor therapy, antibiotics, bismuth exposure, or during peptic-ulcer bleeding. [8][9]",
        "In adults with immune thrombocytopenia, consider H. pylori screening if eradication would be offered after a positive test; platelet responses have been reported, particularly in higher-prevalence settings. [4]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "H. pylori test selection and major interpretation pitfalls. [8][9]",
        "columns": [
          "Test",
          "What a positive result supports",
          "Key limitation"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "13C or 14C urea breath test",
            "Active urease-producing H. pylori infection. [9]",
            "Proton-pump inhibitor use within 2 weeks may interfere; recent antibiotics reduce sensitivity. [8][9]"
          ],
          [
            "Monoclonal stool antigen test",
            "Active H. pylori infection and, after treatment, eradication. [9]",
            "Results can be complicated by proton-pump inhibitors, bismuth, antibiotics, and peptic-ulcer bleeding. [9]"
          ],
          [
            "H. pylori IgG serology",
            "Exposure to H. pylori; it may be sensitive despite acid suppression or antibiotics. [8]",
            "Cannot distinguish active infection from past exposure; kit performance requires local validation. [8]"
          ],
          [
            "Endoscopic biopsy histology",
            "Gastritis phenotype and possible organism detection. [9][10]",
            "Sampling is necessary because endoscopy without biopsy cannot diagnose or exclude atrophic gastritis. [10]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "endoscopy-and-pathology",
      "eyebrow": "Biopsy Strategy",
      "heading": "Use systematic biopsies when atrophy or metaplasia is suspected",
      "intro": "Map disease distribution rather than relying on a single targeted specimen.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Perform high-quality upper endoscopy when clinical evaluation requires mucosal diagnosis, when atrophy or intestinal metaplasia is suspected, or when visible lesions need characterization. For premalignant and malignant lesion detection, use high-definition white-light endoscopy with image enhancement, mucosal cleansing, adequate insufflation, deliberate visual inspection, and photodocumentation. [11]",
        "For suspected gastric atrophy with or without intestinal metaplasia, obtain biopsies according to a systematic protocol such as the updated Sydney System. Obtain at least five samples, place antrum/incisura and corpus specimens in separately labeled jars, and separately biopsy every suspicious focal area. This permits histologic confirmation and staging rather than simply reporting nonspecific chronic gastritis. [11]",
        "Use anatomic distribution to direct the differential. Diffuse fundic atrophy favors autoimmune gastritis due to immune-mediated destruction of oxyntic epithelium, whereas multifocal atrophic disease is a distinct entity and H. pylori is a major cause of chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. [10][18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Record whether atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are confined to the antrum/incisura, involve the corpus, or are multifocal; distribution is integral to etiologic classification and risk stratification. [10][11]",
        "Do not substitute serum pepsinogen or gastrin for biopsy-based diagnosis in an individual patient when atrophic gastritis is suspected; these markers may assist population screening, but microscopic biopsy evaluation establishes the diagnosis. [10]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "What pathology changes immediately",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Chronic active gastritis with H. pylori directs eradication therapy and subsequent confirmation of active-infection clearance. Cure heals H. pylori-associated gastric inflammation. [4]",
            "Atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia requires H. pylori assessment and eradication when infection is identified. Endoscopic and histologic staging then determine whether ongoing surveillance is indicated and inform its interval. [11]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Biopsy a visible abnormality separately from mapping biopsies so focal pathology is not obscured by background staging specimens. [11]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": null
    },
    {
      "id": "atrophic-and-autoimmune-gastritis",
      "eyebrow": "High-Risk Phenotypes",
      "heading": "Stage atrophic gastritis and identify autoimmune disease",
      "intro": "Atrophy changes the objective from symptom attribution to cancer-risk and deficiency-risk management.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Treat atrophic gastritis as a histologic diagnosis requiring endoscopic and pathologic staging. Atrophic gastritis is a precursor state in the pathway to gastric cancer, and H. pylori-associated chronic inflammation may progress through atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. [10][18][20]",
        "Test all patients with atrophic gastritis for H. pylori and eradicate documented infection. Eradication is an essential component of management and an adjunct to endoscopic screening and surveillance for gastric-cancer prevention; eradication has also been associated with modification of the natural course of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. [6][11]",
        "When biopsies show corpus/fundus-predominant atrophy suggesting autoimmune gastritis, actively evaluate the patient for concomitant autoimmune thyroid disease because this association is common. Maintain H. pylori assessment as a separate branch rather than assuming autoimmune histology excludes infection. [10][11]",
        "Use surveillance selectively after staging rather than applying one interval to every patient with gastritis. The appropriate decision and interval depend on endoscopic and histologic risk stratification, including the extent and severity of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia and any focal lesions identified at high-quality endoscopy. [11]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Consider opportunistic H. pylori screening in persons at increased gastric-cancer risk and consider testing adult household members of an individual with H. pylori infection. [11]",
        "Do not label persistent dyspepsia as true functional dyspepsia until H. pylori gastritis has been excluded or successful eradication has been confirmed. [4]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cause-directed-management",
      "eyebrow": "Management",
      "heading": "Match treatment and follow-up to the etiologic branch",
      "intro": "Management is exposure removal, infection cure, or surveillance-directed care—not empiric labeling alone.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For confirmed H. pylori gastritis, prescribe an eradication regimen consistent with the current H. pylori treatment guideline, then document cure using a stool antigen or urea breath test rather than serology. The cited evidence establishes active-infection testing and the need for eradication, but regimen selection should account for current guideline recommendations, prior antibiotic exposure, and local resistance patterns. [1][4][9]",
        "For NSAID- or alcohol-associated injury, the immediate intervention is removal or modification of the causative exposure. If biopsies show little inflammation, classify the lesion as gastropathy rather than H. pylori or autoimmune gastritis and avoid treating a histologic inflammatory diagnosis that is not present. [1][2][10]",
        "For H. pylori-negative atrophic disease, complete the systematic biopsy assessment before assigning autoimmune gastritis or another atrophic subtype. Corpus-predominant oxyntic atrophy supports autoimmune disease; multifocal atrophy requires risk stratification and surveillance planning based on endoscopic and histologic stage. [10][11]",
        "Escalate from noninvasive testing to endoscopy when mucosal staging, lesion-directed biopsy, or evaluation for premalignant or malignant pathology is needed. Once atrophy or metaplasia is found, high-quality endoscopy with mapping biopsies is the decision-enabling procedure. [11]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "After H. pylori treatment: use stool antigen or urea breath testing to verify active-infection clearance. [9]",
        "After identification of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia: use endoscopic and histologic staging to determine whether surveillance is warranted and at what interval. [11]",
        "After autoimmune gastritis is suspected: assess for autoimmune thyroid disease. [11]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": null
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
  "references": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "title": "Gastritis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/816?locale=it",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "Gastritis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/816",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/64/9/1353",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht V ... - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/1/6",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "RE.GA.IN.: the Real-world Gastritis Initiative–updating the ... - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/73/3/407",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "Improvement in Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in ...",
      "detail": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-134-5-200103060-00010",
      "authors": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "host": "www.acpjournals.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of chronic gastritis in China ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1751-2980.13193",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Serology Is More Sensitive Than Urea Breath Test or Stool Antigen for the Initial Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Gastritis When Compared With Histopathology | American Journal of Clinical Pathology | Oxford Academic",
      "detail": "academic.oup.com",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article/154/2/255/5843308",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
      "host": "academic.oup.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Urea Breath Test - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/urea-breath-test",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Atrophic Gastritis - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/atrophic-gastritis",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Atrophic Gastritis: Expert Review",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016508521032364",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: simplified 13C-urea breath test, stool antigen testing, or DNA PCR in human feces in a clinical laboratory setting? - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000991200300256X",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "[PDF] The diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Arctic ...",
      "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/37719/cdc_37719_DS1.pdf",
      "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "host": "stacks.cdc.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "[PDF] EID Cover - CDC",
      "detail": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/9/pdfs/v16-n9.pdf",
      "authors": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "host": "wwwnc.cdc.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "[PDF] former american beryllium company tallevast, manatee county ...",
      "detail": "www.atsdr.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/formeramericanberyllium/american_beryllium_company%20pha%209-30-2008.pdf",
      "authors": "www.atsdr.cdc.gov",
      "host": "www.atsdr.cdc.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "[PDF] IMEMR Current Contents - World Health Organization (WHO)",
      "detail": "applications.emro.who.int",
      "url": "https://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa1032.pdf",
      "authors": "applications.emro.who.int",
      "host": "applications.emro.who.int"
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Controlling Gastric Cancer in a World of Heterogeneous Risk",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(23)00051-3/abstract",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Association Between Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Gastric ...",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(16)00120-7/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Preventive Effect of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Gastric Cancer ...",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(25)00607-9/abstract",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Helicobacter pylori Update - Gastroenterology",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(15)00158-4/pdf",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Gastric Autoantibodies",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780444563781000435",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Gastric cancer is the third lead - Gastroenterology",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)00285-2/pdf",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org"
    }
  ],
  "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.",
  "citations": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "title": "Gastritis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/816?locale=it",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "### Definition\n\nGastritis is defined as the histologic presence of gastric mucosal inflammation. The broader term gastropathy encompasses lesions characterized by minimal or no inflammation.​(#referencePop1)Laine L, Weinstein WM. Subepithelial hemorrhages and erosions of human stomach. Dig Dis Sci. ",
      "score": 0.491725
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "Gastritis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/816",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "### Definition\n\nGastritis is defined as the histological presence of gastric mucosal inflammation. The broader term gastropathy encompasses lesions characterised by minimal or no inflammation.​(#referencePop1)Laine L, Weinstein WM. Subepithelial hemorrhages and erosions of human stomach. Dig Dis Sci",
      "score": 0.45333505
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/64/9/1353",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "The current International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), issued in 1989 by the International Conference for the Tenth Revision of the ICD was endorsed by WHO at the 43rd general assembly in 1990 and has been used for disease statistics since 1994 among m",
      "score": 0.38214198
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht V ... - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/1/6",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "For adults with ITP, recent studies have shown increased platelet counts in some patients treated for H. pylori and increased response rates in countries with a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in the background population.75 ITP patients with atrophic gastritis are reportedly more likely to r",
      "score": 0.3320293
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "RE.GA.IN.: the Real-world Gastritis Initiative–updating the ... - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/73/3/407",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "The most relevant topics related to the gastric inflammatory diseases have been addressed by the Real-world Gastritis Initiative ( :91–101. doi:10.1159/",
      "score": 0.121989004
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "Improvement in Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in ...",
      "detail": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-134-5-200103060-00010",
      "authors": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "host": "www.acpjournals.org",
      "snippet": "Our results suggest that eradication of H. pylori is associated with modification of the natural course of atrophic gastritis and intestinal",
      "score": 0.6826801
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of chronic gastritis in China ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1751-2980.13193",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "H. pylori infection is the main cause of chronic gastritis. Bile reflux, long-term use of drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (",
      "score": 0.4703723
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Serology Is More Sensitive Than Urea Breath Test or Stool Antigen for the Initial Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Gastritis When Compared With Histopathology | American Journal of Clinical Pathology | Oxford Academic",
      "detail": "academic.oup.com",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article/154/2/255/5843308",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
      "host": "academic.oup.com",
      "snippet": "Dustin E Bosch, Niklas Krumm, Mark H Wener, Matthew M Yeh, Camtu D Truong, Deepti M Reddi, Yongjun Liu, Paul E Swanson, Rodney A Schmidt, Andrew Bryan, Serology Is More Sensitive Than Urea Breath Test or Stool Antigen for the Initial Diagnosis of *Helicobacter pylori* Gastritis When Compared With Hi",
      "score": 0.71829855
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Urea Breath Test - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/urea-breath-test",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Stool antigen testing (SAT) is based upon an enzymatic monoclonal immunoassay that detects _H.pylori_ antigens in feces. The detection of _H.pylori_ antigens is representative of an active infection and can thus be used as tool for both primary diagnosis as well as confirmation of successful eradica",
      "score": 0.47387698
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Atrophic Gastritis - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/atrophic-gastritis",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Atrophic gastritis is usually diagnosed by means of microscopic evaluation of gastric biopsy specimens obtained during endoscopy. Endoscopy without biopsy sampling is insufficient to diagnose or rule out atrophic gastritis. The demonstration of reduced basal and stimulated gastric acid output may su",
      "score": 0.46235222
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Atrophic Gastritis: Expert Review",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016508521032364",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "screening for _H pylori_ infection should be considered in individuals deemed to be at increased risk for GC (refer to Best Practice Advice 1). Screening for _H pylori_ infection in adult household members of individuals who test positive for _H pylori_ (so-called “familial-based testing”) should al",
      "score": 0.45217365
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: simplified 13C-urea breath test, stool antigen testing, or DNA PCR in human feces in a clinical laboratory setting? - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000991200300256X",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "### Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.\n\n### Helicobacter pylori serology in patients with chronic gastritis\n\n### Am. J. Gastroenterol.\n\n### Serum antibodies anti-H. pylori and anti-CagA: a comparison between four different assays\n\n### J. Clin. Lab. Anal.\n\n### Effect of cagA status on the sensitivity of enzym",
      "score": 0.4296453
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "[PDF] The diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Arctic ...",
      "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/37719/cdc_37719_DS1.pdf",
      "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "host": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "snippet": "Working Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 5Department of State Medical Research Institute for Northern Problems, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 6Primary Health Care Clinic, Nuuk, Greenland Received 8 August 2015; Final revision 7 M",
      "score": 0.327884
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "[PDF] EID Cover - CDC",
      "detail": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/9/pdfs/v16-n9.pdf",
      "authors": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "host": "wwwnc.cdc.gov",
      "snippet": "References 1. Sandler RS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, Adams E, Cronin K, Good-man C, et al. The burden of selected digestive diseases in the Unit-ed States. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1500–11. DOI: 10.1053/ gast.2002.32978 2. Papatheodoridis GV, Sougioultzis S, Archimandritis AJ. Effects of Helicobacte",
      "score": 0.31621137
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "[PDF] former american beryllium company tallevast, manatee county ...",
      "detail": "www.atsdr.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/formeramericanberyllium/american_beryllium_company%20pha%209-30-2008.pdf",
      "authors": "www.atsdr.cdc.gov",
      "host": "www.atsdr.cdc.gov",
      "snippet": "cholesterol in your diet. In more than half of the cases of gallstones, victims have no symptoms. When a gallstone moves out of the gallbladder and lodges in the bile duct, severe pain can occur in the upper middle or right side of the abdomen (AMA 2003). Available studies have not shown an associat",
      "score": 0.21275535
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "[PDF] IMEMR Current Contents - World Health Organization (WHO)",
      "detail": "applications.emro.who.int",
      "url": "https://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa1032.pdf",
      "authors": "applications.emro.who.int",
      "host": "applications.emro.who.int",
      "snippet": "18 (1): 57-61 (20 ref.) Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; Breath Tests; Urea; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Urease; Serologic Tests; Serology Abstract: Since the 13C-urea breath test [UBT] has become a highly reliable method for the noninvasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, this study was ",
      "score": 0.47504577
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Controlling Gastric Cancer in a World of Heterogeneous Risk",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(23)00051-3/abstract",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "snippet": "Progression of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases risk of gastric cancer Int J Cancer.",
      "score": 0.6186197
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Association Between Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Gastric ...",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(16)00120-7/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "snippet": "H pylori causes chronic gastric inflammation that can progress to the precancerous changes of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.",
      "score": 0.61251885
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Preventive Effect of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Gastric Cancer ...",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(25)00607-9/abstract",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "snippet": "The difference of endoscopic and histologic improvements of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig Dis Sci",
      "score": 0.6055431
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Helicobacter pylori Update - Gastroenterology",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(15)00158-4/pdf",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "snippet": "Its eradication would eliminate a major worldwide cause of cancer death, Atrophic gastritis, the precursor to gastric cancer, leads to little",
      "score": 0.53750324
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Gastric Autoantibodies",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780444563781000435",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by A Antico · 2014 — ++Autoimmune gastritis (AIG), also known as type A chronic atrophic gastritis according to the classification of the Sydney system, is an organ-specific ...Read more",
      "score": 0.39747116
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Gastric cancer is the third lead - Gastroenterology",
      "detail": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "url": "https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)00285-2/pdf",
      "authors": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "host": "www.gastrojournal.org",
      "snippet": "Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common causes of atrophic gastritis and GIM and is a major driver of progression along the Correa cascade. The",
      "score": 0.44985238
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-16T00:59:47.526613+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-16T00:59:47.526613+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 6,
  "slug": "gastritis"
}