{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Thoracic Oncology",
  "title": "Esophageal Cancer",
  "summary": "Esophageal cancer management hinges on histology, locoregional resectability, physiologic operability, and metastatic staging. Coordinate endoscopic diagnosis, staging, nutrition, and multidisciplinary selection of surgery-based, definitive chemoradiation, systemic, or symptom-directed treatment early.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to esophageal cancer staging and multidisciplinary management, including selection of surgery, chemoradiation, systemic therapy, and palliation.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians stage and select multimodality treatment for localized or advanced esophageal cancer?",
  "specialty": "Medical Oncology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "esophageal cancer",
    "esophageal adenocarcinoma",
    "esophageal squamous cell carcinoma",
    "esophagectomy",
    "definitive chemoradiation",
    "dysphagia palliation"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Separate esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma and establish locoregional versus metastatic disease before choosing surgery-based or nonsurgical treatment; ESMO provides recommendations spanning diagnosis, staging, and management. [23][24]",
    "For localized, medically operable disease, esophagectomy is a treatment choice within multidisciplinary care; definitive chemoradiotherapy is the principal curative-intent alternative for patients who are not surgical candidates or decline surgery. [15]",
    "For advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, platinum-based chemotherapy is a standard first-line backbone, and chemotherapy plus immunotherapy is described as a standard strategy for advanced disease. [11][17]",
    "In advanced symptomatic disease, select palliation according to dysphagia burden, performance status, comorbidities, anatomy, and patient goals; endoscopic procedures, radiation, systemic treatment, and combinations may be appropriate. [18]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "triage-and-diagnostic-pathway",
      "eyebrow": "Initial Decisions",
      "heading": "Confirm histology and define the treatment-intent branch",
      "intro": "Move rapidly from tissue diagnosis to multidisciplinary staging and physiologic assessment.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "At diagnosis, assign histology as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the two major esophageal cancer subtypes. This distinction is clinically consequential because ESCC more often enters a definitive chemoradiotherapy pathway when surgery is unsuitable, whereas resection-based multimodality treatment is a central option for operable localized disease. [10][15][23]",
        "Before committing to curative-intent local treatment, determine whether disease is localized, locally advanced but potentially treatable with multimodality therapy, or metastatic. ESMO guidance explicitly addresses clinical and pathologic diagnosis, staging, and management, supporting a coordinated staging decision rather than sequential, uncoordinated referrals. [23][24]",
        "At the first oncology and surgical assessment, document dysphagia severity, oral intake, weight trajectory, performance status, cardiopulmonary reserve, and the patient’s willingness to undergo esophagectomy. These variables determine whether the next step is a surgery-based strategy, definitive chemoradiotherapy, systemic treatment, or immediate symptom palliation. [15][18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Escalate urgently when dysphagia prevents adequate hydration or nutrition, when aspiration is suspected, or when a tracheoesophageal fistula is present; these situations require prompt symptom-directed intervention while staging proceeds. [18]",
        "Use multidisciplinary review before treatment selection because surgery, radiation therapy, systemic therapy, endoscopic treatment, and combinations have distinct roles across localized and advanced disease. [15][18][23]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Treatment-intent branches after diagnostic and staging assessment. [15][17][18][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical branch",
          "Primary next decision",
          "Management direction"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Localized disease; medically operable and accepts surgery",
            "Assess candidacy for a surgery-based multimodality plan",
            "Esophagectomy is a treatment option within multidisciplinary management. [15]"
          ],
          [
            "Localized or locally advanced disease; not a surgical candidate or declines surgery",
            "Assess suitability for curative-intent definitive chemoradiotherapy",
            "Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the principal nonsurgical option described for this group. [15]"
          ],
          [
            "Advanced ESCC requiring first-line systemic treatment",
            "Select systemic regimen and assess immunotherapy suitability",
            "Platinum-based chemotherapy is a standard backbone; chemotherapy plus immunotherapy is described as a standard strategy for advanced disease. [11][17]"
          ],
          [
            "Advanced disease with clinically dominant dysphagia or fistula",
            "Prioritize restoration of swallowing and symptom control alongside oncologic planning",
            "Use endoscopic procedures, radiation therapy, systemic therapy, surgery in selected circumstances, or combinations according to anatomy and goals. [18]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "localized-resectable-disease",
      "eyebrow": "Curative Intent",
      "heading": "Select surgery-based therapy versus definitive chemoradiotherapy",
      "intro": "Operability and patient preference are treatment determinants, not afterthoughts.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For a patient with localized disease who is medically fit and willing to undergo surgery, discuss esophagectomy in a multidisciplinary setting. Surgical candidacy must incorporate disease extent, technical resectability, cardiopulmonary risk, nutritional condition, and anticipated postoperative recovery rather than tumor stage alone. [15][23]",
        "For a patient with locally advanced disease who cannot undergo esophagectomy because of medical risk or who declines surgery, use definitive chemoradiotherapy as the established nonsurgical treatment pathway. This branch should be framed as a planned definitive strategy, not as incomplete surgical care. [15]",
        "Histology should remain visible in the treatment discussion. Chemoradiation is described as a reasonable primary alternative to esophagectomy in ESCC and is also reported to provide palliation and potential long-term disease control in adenocarcinoma; individualized multidisciplinary selection is therefore required rather than a single histology-blind rule. [18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Obtain early nutrition input when dysphagia or weight loss threatens completion of multimodality treatment; inadequate intake can alter treatment tolerance and sequencing. [18]",
        "Reassess swallowing during chemoradiotherapy because local interventions may be required when dysphagia remains the immediate clinical problem. [18]",
        "Do not defer a decision about definitive local treatment while repeatedly pursuing palliative endoscopic measures in a patient who remains potentially curable; establish treatment intent first. [15][18][23]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "When nonsurgical definitive treatment is preferred",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the best-described option when esophagectomy is contraindicated or declined. The decision should be recorded explicitly after assessment of surgical risk, performance status, tumor characteristics, and patient goals, with continued surveillance for persistent or recurrent local symptoms. [15]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "Use endoscopic or radiation-based palliation selectively if dysphagia requires more immediate relief than systemic treatment can provide. [18]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Decision factors for localized esophageal cancer treatment intent. [15][18][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Finding",
          "Interpretation",
          "Next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Medically operable patient with localized disease who accepts surgery",
            "A surgery-based multimodality approach is feasible",
            "Refer for multidisciplinary planning that includes esophagectomy assessment. [15][23]"
          ],
          [
            "Patient is medically inoperable",
            "Operative morbidity is unacceptable",
            "Plan definitive chemoradiotherapy when clinically appropriate. [15]"
          ],
          [
            "Patient declines esophagectomy",
            "Patient preference excludes surgical treatment",
            "Offer definitive chemoradiotherapy rather than abandoning curative-intent local therapy solely because surgery is declined. [15]"
          ],
          [
            "Persistent clinically limiting dysphagia",
            "Symptom control may require a parallel intervention",
            "Choose radiation, endoscopic intervention, systemic treatment, or a combination based on disease setting and goals. [18]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "advanced-disease-systemic-therapy",
      "eyebrow": "Metastatic Disease",
      "heading": "Use systemic therapy for advanced disease and match local measures to symptoms",
      "intro": "For advanced disease, separate disease control from urgent relief of obstructive symptoms.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For treatment-naive advanced ESCC, platinum-based chemotherapy is a standard first-line treatment backbone. Contemporary expert consensus further identifies chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy as a standard strategy for advanced esophageal cancer, making systemic-treatment selection a central first-line decision when curative local treatment is not feasible. [11][17]",
        "Do not use systemic therapy choice as a substitute for managing dangerous or disabling local complications. Advanced esophageal cancer can require concurrent palliative endoscopic procedures, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiation, or selected surgical interventions; choose among these based on dysphagia severity, fistula, performance status, comorbidity, and patient priorities. [18]",
        "Communicate prognosis and treatment goals directly. Historical reports note that survival in advanced ESCC can be limited, with median overall survival near 11 months in cited literature, reinforcing the need to define whether the near-term goal is swallowing, symptom relief, disease control, or all three. [8]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "For advanced ESCC, consider a platinum-containing systemic backbone and evaluate whether chemotherapy plus immunotherapy is appropriate in the planned regimen. [11][17]",
        "If dysphagia is the dominant problem, coordinate systemic treatment with endoscopic or radiation-based palliation rather than waiting for systemic response alone. [18]",
        "If tracheoesophageal fistula is present, prioritize fistula-directed palliation; radiation therapy or bypass surgery are described as interventions that may prolong survival. [18]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Symptom-directed options in advanced esophageal cancer. [18]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical problem",
          "Interventions described",
          "Decision principle"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Dysphagia from obstructing tumor",
            "Endoscopic procedures, external-beam or intraluminal radiation, chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and combinations. [18]",
            "Select according to urgency of relief, extent of disease, performance status, comorbidity, and patient preference. [18]"
          ],
          [
            "Locally advanced disease needing palliation and disease control",
            "Chemoradiation. [18]",
            "Chemoradiation provides better survival than radiation alone in the cited palliative review and may palliate dysphagia. [18]"
          ],
          [
            "Tracheoesophageal fistula",
            "Radiation therapy or bypass surgery; other palliative approaches may be considered. [18]",
            "Prioritize fistula control and aspiration risk; radiation or bypass surgery are described as survival-prolonging options. [18]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dysphagia-nutrition-and-palliation",
      "eyebrow": "Supportive Care",
      "heading": "Treat dysphagia as an active oncologic problem",
      "intro": "Swallowing impairment can determine treatment feasibility before tumor-directed therapy can act.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "In a patient with advanced disease, dysphagia palliation should be individualized rather than automatically procedural. Available approaches include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiation, endoscopic procedures, surgery, and combinations; the appropriate choice depends on the patient’s disease distribution, coexisting illness, performance status, and preferences. [18]",
        "Chemoradiation has been reported to provide dysphagia palliation in up to 90% of patients in the cited palliative review and to improve survival compared with radiation alone. This supports considering chemoradiation when a patient can tolerate combined therapy and needs both local symptom control and antitumor treatment. [18]",
        "Use nutrition and hydration status as a treatment-readiness checkpoint. When oral intake is inadequate because of dysphagia, coordinate nutrition intervention with the oncology and endoscopy teams so that symptom management does not delay the selected definitive or systemic treatment plan. [18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Reassess dysphagia after each major treatment transition because progression, treatment-related inflammation, or incomplete local response can change the appropriate palliative modality. [18]",
        "For patients with major comorbidity or poor performance status, choose the least burdensome intervention capable of achieving the patient’s stated swallowing and symptom goals. [18]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Practical sequencing for dysphagia-focused care. [18]",
        "columns": [
          "Priority",
          "Action",
          "Rationale"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Immediate oral-intake threat",
            "Assess hydration, nutrition, aspiration risk, and fistula; arrange prompt symptom-directed intervention. [18]",
            "Obstruction and fistula can require local palliation before longer-latency systemic benefit. [18]"
          ],
          [
            "Potentially curable local disease",
            "Align dysphagia management with the selected surgery-based or definitive chemoradiotherapy pathway. [15][18]",
            "Avoid symptom procedures that derail definitive treatment planning without a clear indication. [15][18]"
          ],
          [
            "Metastatic or noncurable disease",
            "Combine systemic disease control with an endoscopic or radiation approach when swallowing relief is needed. [17][18]",
            "Advanced-disease care should address both tumor control and quality of life. [18]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "follow-up-and-emerging-tools",
      "eyebrow": "Monitoring",
      "heading": "Use surveillance to identify clinically actionable recurrence or treatment failure",
      "intro": "Follow-up should be structured around symptoms, treatment sequelae, and salvage opportunities.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "After definitive local therapy, investigate new or progressive dysphagia, weight loss, aspiration symptoms, or decline in oral intake promptly because these findings can signal local persistence, recurrence, stricture, fistula, or treatment-related complications requiring endoscopic, radiotherapeutic, surgical, or systemic reassessment. [18]",
        "Circulating tumor DNA is being studied for risk stratification and residual-disease detection after neoadjuvant treatment in stage I-II and other operable esophageal cancer settings. It is prognostically promising but should not replace established staging, clinical assessment, or treatment decisions outside a validated management pathway. [6][12]",
        "Maintain histology-specific and disease-setting-specific review at recurrence. Advanced ESCC has a systemic-therapy evidence base incorporating platinum chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy, while recurrent local symptoms may independently warrant a local palliative procedure. [11][17][18]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use new dysphagia or fistula symptoms as triggers for expedited multidisciplinary reassessment rather than routine follow-up alone. [18]",
        "Treat ctDNA as an emerging risk-assessment tool rather than a stand-alone determinant of escalation or de-escalation. [6][12]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Post-treatment reassessment triggers. [6][12][18]",
        "columns": [
          "Trigger",
          "Clinical concern",
          "Next step"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Recurrent or worsening dysphagia",
            "Local recurrence, persistent obstruction, treatment-related narrowing, or progression. [18]",
            "Expedite clinical, endoscopic, and multidisciplinary reassessment directed by the suspected complication. [18]"
          ],
          [
            "New aspiration symptoms or suspected tracheoesophageal fistula",
            "Potential airway contamination and major local complication. [18]",
            "Urgently evaluate for fistula and select fistula-directed palliation. [18]"
          ],
          [
            "Detectable ctDNA in an investigational perioperative surveillance context",
            "Possible residual disease or increased recurrence risk. [6][12]",
            "Interpret within validated protocols or multidisciplinary discussion; do not substitute it for standard clinical assessment. [6][12]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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      "host": "jamanetwork.com",
      "snippet": "by LL DaSilva · 2021 · Cited by 24 — the 5-year survival rates can be as low as 5%.3 … median overall survival (OS) close to 11 months.4 men) an OS of 15.3 vs 12.0 months. OS",
      "score": 0.39068562
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    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE ... - Gut",
      "detail": "gut.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://gut.bmj.com/content/73/6/897",
      "authors": "gut.bmj.com",
      "host": "gut.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "by M di Pietro · 2024 · Cited by 33 — Barrett's oesophagus is the only known precursor to oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a cancer with very poor prognosis.",
      "score": 0.23577681
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Efficacy among neoadjuvant therapy for resectable ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(26)00992-2",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "The two major histological subtypes are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).",
      "score": 0.24550577
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Toripalimab plus chemotherapy in treatment-naïve ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/fulltext/S1535-6108(22)00059-9",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "by ZX Wang · 2022 · Cited by 571 — Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).",
      "score": 0.18929654
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "ctDNA detects residual disease after neoadjuvant ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-medicine/fulltext/S2666-3791(25)00407-0",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "by Z Liu · 2025 · Cited by 21 — Esophageal cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounting",
      "score": 0.16620152
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Neoadjuvant immunochemoradiotherapy with nivolumab, paclitaxel, and cisplatin followed by esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | British Journal of Cancer",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-026-03349-6",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com",
      "snippet": "the potential benefit of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy as a neoadjuvant anticancer therapy for patients with other types of cancer, such as ESCC. [...] a cohort of 182 locally advanced ESCC patients who received neoadjuvant CRT followed by esophagectomy . In another retrospective study of 512 patients fro",
      "score": 0.52597815
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Biomarker-targeted therapies for advanced-stage ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(26)00591-8",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "Esophageal cancer is one of the most widespread cancers in the world, mainly divided into esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma.",
      "score": 0.5201313
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Multi-disciplinary management of esophageal carcinoma",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040842824000581",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by C Bandidwattanawong · 2024 · Cited by 21 — esophagectomy is the treatment of choice, Definitive chemoradiotherapy remains the best option for a patient who is not a surgical candidate or declines",
      "score": 0.5976789
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Thoracic: Esophageal Cancer The impact of neoadjuvant ...",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666273623000906",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "by LY Wong · 2023 · Cited by 13 — Our hypothesis is that perioperative outcomes after neoadjuvant immunotherapy with chemoradiation is similar to outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiation alone.",
      "score": 0.5717911
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Expert consensus on radiotherapy combined with ...",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666555724000054",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Expert consensus V: For advanced esophageal cancer, the standard treatment strategy is chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. ... definitive chemoradiation",
      "score": 0.56920683
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    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Palliative treatment of esophageal cancer - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053429605800682",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "# Palliative treatment of esophageal cancer. Palliative interventions for advanced esophageal cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiation, endoscopic procedures, and combinations of the above. Chemoradiation regimens result in better survival than treatment with radiation",
      "score": 0.5689194
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Carcinoma of Esophagus - Sung - 2025",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgh.16990",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "by J Sung · 2025 · Cited by 11 — Since outcomes for esophageal cancer have a low 10-year survival of around 10%, there is a rationale for proactive detection of this disease",
      "score": 0.46191534
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    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Screening for Esophageal Cancer - Phan - 2026",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgh.70196",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "Endoscopic screening remains the cornerstone for early detection of ESCC. High-definition white-light endoscopy (HD-WLE) alone often lacks",
      "score": 0.43885794
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Current status and perspectives of esophageal cancer: a ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cac2.12645",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "by W Jiang · 2025 · Cited by 163 — This seminar provides an in-depth analysis of advances in the epidemiology, disease biology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment landscape of",
      "score": 0.30154762
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    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "(PDF) Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and ...",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1759-7714.14745",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "by CQ Liu · 2023 · Cited by 480 — We summarize the prospects for the esophageal cancer burden and risk factors in different areas, which will be useful for global esophageal cancer clinical",
      "score": 0.19544083
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline: Oesophageal Cancer",
      "detail": "www.esmo.org",
      "url": "https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/esmo-clinical-practice-guideline-oesophageal-cancer",
      "authors": "www.esmo.org",
      "host": "www.esmo.org",
      "snippet": "This ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline provides key recommendations for managing oesophageal cancer. The guideline covers clinical and pathological diagnosis,",
      "score": 0.69099766
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines: Gastrointestinal Cancers",
      "detail": "www.esmo.org",
      "url": "https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/esmo-clinical-practice-guidelines-gastrointestinal-cancers",
      "authors": "www.esmo.org",
      "host": "www.esmo.org",
      "snippet": "Colon and Rectal Cancer Gastrointestinal Cancers\n\n22 May 2025\n\nESMO Clinical Practice Guideline\n\nLocalised Rectal Cancer\n\nHofheinz R-D, Fokas E, Benhaim L, et al., on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Committee\n\nColon and Rectal Cancer Gastrointestinal Cancers\n\n14 Apr 2026\n\nESMO Clinical Practice Guidel",
      "score": 0.52086246
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T16:58:45.801121+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T16:58:45.801121+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 5,
  "slug": "esophageal-cancer"
}