{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics", "title": "Down Syndrome", "summary": "Clinical care in Down syndrome requires structured surveillance for congenital heart disease and evolving multisystem complications, plus a deliberate adult-life transition plan that recognizes the high risk of Alzheimer disease and changing care needs.", "seoDescription": "Point-of-care guidance for physicians caring for patients with Down syndrome, emphasizing cardiac disease, multisystem surveillance, perioperative risk, and aging.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians prioritize longitudinal medical surveillance and escalation for children and adults with Down syndrome?", "specialty": "Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "Down syndrome", "trisomy 21", "congenital heart disease", "health supervision", "Alzheimer disease", "atlantoaxial instability" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Obtain an echocardiogram at birth and ensure defect-specific cardiology follow-up; congenital heart disease affects approximately 35% to 50% of people with trisomy 21, and CDC estimates 50% to 65% of affected newborns have a heart defect.[2][19]", "Use structured health-supervision visits to actively identify hearing, vision, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurologic, and cervical-spine problems rather than relying on symptom reporting alone.[9][16][17]", "Before sedation or surgery, account for variable respiratory, coagulation, drug-metabolism, and wound-healing complications; anesthetic planning requires individualized risk assessment.[1]", "For adults, establish a baseline of cognition and function and evaluate decline for Alzheimer disease in the context of the markedly increased age-related risk associated with chromosome 21 triplication.[10][11][12]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "initial-priorities", "eyebrow": "New diagnosis", "heading": "Prioritize cardiac characterization and organized health supervision", "intro": "The first management decision is whether an unrecognized congenital lesion or associated condition requires immediate specialty-directed care.", "paragraphs": [ "Arrange echocardiography at birth after confirmation of Down syndrome and route abnormal findings to pediatric cardiology for lesion-specific follow-up. Congenital heart disease is reported in approximately 35% to 50% of individuals with trisomy 21; CDC reports heart defects in 50% to 65% of affected newborns, with some lesions requiring surgery and others potentially improving with growth.[2][19]", "Place the patient into a longitudinal Down syndrome health-supervision pathway rather than episodic problem-based follow-up. American Academy of Pediatrics guidance is intended to direct care after diagnosis is confirmed, and an integrated electronic health-record approach can improve adherence to surveillance recommendations.[16][18]", "At each transition of care, confirm that cardiac findings, audiology and ophthalmology results, thyroid history, gastrointestinal symptoms, neurologic events, sleep or breathing concerns, and cervical-spine symptoms have been explicitly reviewed. Hearing and vision problems, gastrointestinal conditions, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, and atlantoaxial instability are recurring clinically relevant associations.[3][4][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Document the echocardiographic diagnosis, cardiology plan, and whether surgical correction or observation is planned.[7][19]", "Use a tracking system for overdue surveillance rather than assuming that referrals were completed.[18]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Initial priorities after confirmed Down syndrome diagnosis.[2][7][16][19]", "columns": [ "Decision domain", "Action", "Clinical consequence" ], "rows": [ [ "Congenital heart disease", "Obtain echocardiogram at birth; establish cardiology follow-up for any identified lesion.[7][19]", "Cardiac defects are common and some require operative treatment.[19]" ], [ "Longitudinal care", "Implement structured Down syndrome health supervision and track completion of recommended care.[16][18]", "Reduces missed preventive and symptom-triggered evaluations.[9][18]" ], [ "Family planning", "Provide genetic counseling as part of diagnosis-related care planning.[9]", "Supports informed family decision-making and continuity of care.[9]" ] ] } }, { "id": "symptom-triggered-branches", "eyebrow": "Clinical reassessment", "heading": "Use new symptoms to identify treatable associated conditions", "intro": "New functional or behavioral change should trigger a targeted medical review rather than attribution to baseline disability.", "paragraphs": [ "When a child has developmental regression, reduced participation, gait change, pain behavior, altered sleep, new feeding difficulty, or unexplained behavioral change, reassess for hearing loss, visual impairment, hypothyroidism, gastrointestinal disease, epilepsy, and cervical-spine pathology. These conditions are recognized co-occurring problems in Down syndrome and can alter function independently of cognitive baseline.[3][4][8][17]", "Use focused history and examination to determine the next referral. Neck symptoms or neurologic findings warrant careful assessment for atlantoaxial instability; orthopedic clinicians may also identify systemic contributors such as hypothyroidism while evaluating musculoskeletal complaints.[3][17]", "Escalate persistent gastrointestinal symptoms toward evaluation for celiac disease rather than treating nonspecific symptoms indefinitely. AAP-linked Down syndrome management materials specifically identify symptoms potentially related to celiac disease as a trigger for clinical assessment.[17]", "Treat sensory concerns as medical contributors to communication, learning, and apparent behavioral decline. Because hearing and vision problems are prevalent in this population, a change in function should prompt review of the most recent formal assessments and completion of indicated specialty evaluation.[4][17]" ], "bullets": [ "For a new seizure-like event, obtain a neurologic assessment rather than assuming a behavioral episode; epilepsy is reported among common health problems in Down syndrome.[4]", "For suspected hypothyroidism, obtain thyroid testing and interpret symptoms against baseline function; hypothyroidism may be discovered during orthopedic evaluation.[3]", "For concerning neck or neurologic symptoms, avoid clearance based solely on absence of prior symptoms and pursue cervical-spine-focused evaluation.[17]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Symptom-directed reassessment in Down syndrome.[3][4][17]", "columns": [ "Clinical change", "Associated condition to consider", "Next action" ], "rows": [ [ "Neck symptoms, gait change, or neurologic findings", "Atlantoaxial instability.[3][17]", "Perform careful neurologic and cervical assessment and pursue orthopedic or spine-directed evaluation.[3][17]" ], [ "Fatigue, functional slowing, or musculoskeletal presentation", "Hypothyroidism.[3]", "Order thyroid evaluation and treat confirmed disease according to standard endocrine care." ], [ "Persistent gastrointestinal symptoms", "Celiac disease.[17]", "Initiate celiac-focused diagnostic evaluation." ], [ "Communication or functional decline", "Hearing loss or vision impairment.[4][17]", "Review formal sensory testing and refer for audiologic or ophthalmologic assessment." ] ] } }, { "id": "perioperative-planning", "eyebrow": "Procedural care", "heading": "Plan sedation and surgery as higher-variability care", "intro": "Preprocedural planning should address comorbid organ disease and variable perioperative physiology.", "paragraphs": [ "Before sedation, anesthesia, or major surgery, obtain a current cardiac history and review respiratory status, prior anesthetic records, medications, bleeding history, and anticipated postoperative support needs. Down syndrome has been associated with unpredictable and potentially serious perioperative respiratory, coagulation, drug-metabolism, and delayed-healing complications.[1]", "Do not assume that a standard sedative response applies. A clinical study reported reduced sedative effect in patients with Down syndrome, while emphasizing variable and serious perioperative complications; anesthesia dosing and monitoring should therefore be individualized by the procedural and anesthesia teams.[1]", "For procedures requiring neck positioning or airway manipulation, communicate any cervical-spine symptoms, prior atlantoaxial concerns, and neurologic findings to anesthesia and procedural teams. Cervical-spine assessment is particularly relevant when symptoms suggest atlantoaxial instability.[3][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Confirm the current echocardiogram and cardiology recommendations before elective procedures when congenital heart disease is present.[2][7]", "Plan postoperative observation according to respiratory risk, procedural intensity, and prior anesthetic complications.[1]", "Document baseline mobility and neurologic status when cervical-spine disease is a concern, so postoperative change can be recognized promptly.[3][17]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Perioperative decision points in Down syndrome.[1][2][3][17]", "columns": [ "Preprocedure issue", "Required review", "Planning implication" ], "rows": [ [ "Congenital heart disease", "Echocardiographic diagnosis and current cardiology plan.[2][7]", "Coordinate procedure timing and monitoring with cardiac risk in mind." ], [ "Sedative response and respiratory risk", "Prior anesthetic record, respiratory history, and planned sedative approach.[1]", "Use individualized dosing and monitoring rather than fixed assumptions about sedative effect.[1]" ], [ "Cervical-spine concern", "Neck symptoms and neurologic examination.[3][17]", "Communicate positioning and airway-related considerations to the procedural team." ] ] } }, { "id": "adult-care-and-cognitive-change", "eyebrow": "Adult medicine", "heading": "Establish cognitive baselines and investigate decline for Alzheimer disease", "intro": "Longer survival makes adult surveillance, function tracking, and dementia evaluation central components of care.", "paragraphs": [ "Establish a documented adult baseline for cognition, adaptive function, behavior, mobility, communication, and caregiver-observed daily performance. Adults with Down syndrome have increased Alzheimer disease risk because chromosome 21 triplication includes genes implicated in Alzheimer disease biology.[10][11]", "A progressive decline from baseline should prompt evaluation for Alzheimer disease while also revisiting reversible contributors that are common in Down syndrome, including sensory impairment, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, gastrointestinal disease, and cervical-spine pathology when clinically suggested.[3][4][17]", "Counsel families that Alzheimer disease pathology becomes increasingly relevant with age: reports note that most individuals with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer disease pathology by age 40, and population-level Alzheimer reporting identifies Down syndrome as a high-risk group for symptomatic dementia.[12][23][24] This risk supports proactive functional surveillance rather than waiting for advanced dependence.", "Integrate cognitive assessment with medical transition planning. Life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has increased substantially over recent decades, expanding the need for adult primary care, congenital cardiology continuity when applicable, and longitudinal caregiver support.[13][19][20]" ], "bullets": [ "Record caregiver examples of change in daily tasks, communication, mobility, sleep, and behavior at each adult follow-up to distinguish chronic baseline limitations from decline.", "When decline is identified, first review medications, interval seizures, sensory testing, thyroid status, and new focal neurologic or gait findings before assigning a neurodegenerative explanation.[3][4][17]", "Coordinate management of adults with repaired or unrepaired congenital heart disease with appropriate cardiology follow-up.[2][19]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Approach to adult functional decline in Down syndrome.[3][4][10][11][12][17][23]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Interpretation", "Next step" ], "rows": [ [ "Stable lifelong intellectual disability without functional change", "Does not establish dementia.", "Maintain a documented functional baseline for future comparison." ], [ "Progressive loss of previously acquired function", "Raises concern for Alzheimer disease but has a broad medical differential.[10][11][12][23]", "Assess cognition and function; evaluate for sensory, endocrine, neurologic, gastrointestinal, and cervical-spine contributors suggested by symptoms.[3][4][17]" ], [ "New gait, neck, or focal neurologic symptoms", "May indicate cervical-spine pathology rather than primary dementia.[3][17]", "Perform focused neurologic and cervical evaluation and refer appropriately.[3][17]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Down Syndrome Reduces the Sedative Effect of ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-58283-1", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Trisomy 21 and Congenital Heart Disease: Impact on ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.124.036214", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org" }, { "number": 3, "title": "Orthopaedic Management in Down Syndrome", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2768276524008435", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "The disability-training needs of healthcare professionals", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211609520300038", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Down Syndrome - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/down-syndrome", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 6, "title": "Population‐based trends in prenatal screening and diagnosis ...", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.13488", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "Ten‐year impact of a Down syndrome pediatric clinic", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jppi.12471", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Co‐Occurring Medical Conditions in Over 2300 Children ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jir.13257?af=R", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "An Evaluation of the Impact of Genetic Counseling ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1002/ajmg.a.63999", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Increased choroidal thickness in adults with Down syndrome", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dad2.12170", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 11, "title": "Exploratory analysis of the proteomic profile in plasma in ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70040", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 12, "title": "2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.13809", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 13, "title": "2026 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.71345", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 14, "title": "Index | The Oxford Handbook of Adult Cognitive Disorders", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28072/chapter/212123099", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "Health Supervision for Children With 22q11.2 Deletion ...", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/156/2/e2025072717/202658/Health-Supervision-for-Children-With-22q11-2", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org" }, { "number": 16, "title": "Health Supervision for Children With Down Syndrome", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/107/2/442/66249/Health-Supervision-for-Children-With-Down-Syndrome", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org" }, { "number": 17, "title": "DOWN SYNDROME: MANAGING THE CHILD AND FAMILY", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/book/chapter-pdf/1337993/aap_9781610020473-part07-ch244.pdf", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org" }, { "number": 18, "title": "Use of Electronic Health Record Integration for Down ...", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/3/e20174119/38575/Use-of-Electronic-Health-Record-Integration-for", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org" }, { "number": 19, "title": "Living with Down Syndrome | Birth Defects | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/living-with-down-syndrome?CDC_AAref_Val=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fbirthdefects%2F", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov" }, { "number": 20, "title": "2025 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70235", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 21, "title": "Perspectives on Alzheimer's disease clinical trials for persons ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bsa3.70040", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 22, "title": "Factors impacting survival in individuals with Down syndrome ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/alz.71156", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 23, "title": "Alzheimer's disease diagnostic progression is associated with ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70726?af=", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 24, "title": "Calcineurin inhibition may prevent Alzheimer disease in ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70034", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Down Syndrome Reduces the Sedative Effect of ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-58283-1", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "by Y Matsuishi · 2020 · Cited by 6 — Unpredictable, variable and serious complications in respiration, clotting, drug metabolism, and slower healing after surgery require longer", "score": 0.113059744 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Trisomy 21 and Congenital Heart Disease: Impact on ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.124.036214", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "by JK Peterson · 2024 · Cited by 18 — Down syndrome or trisomy 21 (T21) is the most commonly occurring aneuploidy, affecting approximately 1 in 800 live births, and ≈35% to 50% of", "score": 0.34680724 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Orthopaedic Management in Down Syndrome", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2768276524008435", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by K Rako · 2021 · Cited by 17 — vision problems, and hearing loss. atlantoaxial instability, the orthopaedist may also be the first to discover systemic conditions such as hypothyroidism …", "score": 0.4362623 }, { "number": 4, "title": "The disability-training needs of healthcare professionals", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211609520300038", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by SE Smith · 2020 · Cited by 18 — Common health problems Down syndrome4,10,15 Congenital heart disease 40–50% Vision problems 60% Gastrointestinal issues 50% Epilepsy 22% Atlanto-axial", "score": 0.41663104 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Down Syndrome - an overview", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/down-syndrome", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "It is a multisystem disorder, characterized by various congenital defects, organic disorders, dysmorphic features, and other health-related problems (Roizen &", "score": 0.284035 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Population‐based trends in prenatal screening and diagnosis ...", "detail": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.13488", "authors": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Invasive prenatal testing has reached historic lows due to dramatic improvements in Down syndrome screening.", "score": 0.36990723 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Ten‐year impact of a Down syndrome pediatric clinic", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jppi.12471", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "All patients with DS receive echocardiogram screening at birth with appropriate follow-up; 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See Down syndrome (DS) presentation of", "score": 0.17981876 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Health Supervision for Children With 22q11.2 Deletion ...", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/156/2/e2025072717/202658/Health-Supervision-for-Children-With-22q11-2", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "Down syndrome/trisomy. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease:", "score": 0.6538572 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Health Supervision for Children With Down Syndrome", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/107/2/442/66249/Health-Supervision-for-Children-With-Down-Syndrome", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "These guidelines are designed to assist the pediatrician in caring for the child in whom the diagnosis of Down syndrome has been confirmed", "score": 0.54317886 }, { "number": 17, "title": "DOWN SYNDROME: MANAGING THE CHILD AND FAMILY", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/book/chapter-pdf/1337993/aap_9781610020473-part07-ch244.pdf", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "For example, hearing and vision need ... atlantoaxial instability and perform a careful examina- ... symptoms potentially related to celiac disease, and an.", "score": 0.52378637 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Use of Electronic Health Record Integration for Down ...", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/3/e20174119/38575/Use-of-Electronic-Health-Record-Integration-for", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "EHR integration is a useful tool for improving adherence to the health supervision guidelines for Down syndrome. Interventions are", "score": 0.49978086 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Living with Down Syndrome | Birth Defects | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/living-with-down-syndrome?CDC_AAref_Val=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fbirthdefects%2F", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov", "snippet": "## Life expectancy\n\nThe life expectancy of people with Down syndrome increased dramatically between 1960 and 2007.1 In 1960, on average, persons with Down syndrome lived to be about 10 years old. In 2007, on average, persons with Down syndrome lived to be about 47 years old.\n\nMany factors can affect", "score": 0.23590882 }, { "number": 20, "title": "2025 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70235", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Life expectancy of people with Down syndrome has more than doubled in the last 70 years, which corresponds to a growing population of adults", "score": 0.29301032 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Perspectives on Alzheimer's disease clinical trials for persons ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bsa3.70040", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by G Foye · 2025 · Cited by 1 — Life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has increased significantly over the past 60 years, drawing greater attention to", "score": 0.28416908 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Factors impacting survival in individuals with Down syndrome ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/alz.71156", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by B Benejam · 2026 · Cited by 2 — Adults with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Mean survival after AD diagnosis was 4.8 years (SD 3.5). had a", "score": 0.21765368 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Alzheimer's disease diagnostic progression is associated with ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70726?af=", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Systematic review: By age 40, most individuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and progress to dementia by", "score": 0.20904993 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Calcineurin inhibition may prevent Alzheimer disease in ...", "detail": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.70034", "authors": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Virtually all people with Down syndrome will develop Alzheimer disease pathology during their lifetime. As Alzheimer disease is the third", "score": 0.2030118 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T18:00:13.897952+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T18:00:13.897952+00:00", "readingMinutes": 4, "slug": "down-syndrome" }