{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Hematology and critical care", "title": "Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation", "summary": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation is an acquired, dynamic syndrome of systemic coagulation activation, consumptive factor depletion, and dysregulated fibrinolysis. Diagnose it from the clinical trigger plus serial global hemostasis testing; treatment priorities are rapid source control, organ support, and phenotype-directed hemostatic therapy.", "seoDescription": "Physician guide to diagnosing and managing disseminated intravascular coagulation, including serial laboratory assessment, supportive transfusion, and thrombosis considerations.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians recognize, confirm, and manage DIC while treating its underlying cause and balancing bleeding against thrombosis?", "specialty": "Hematology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "disseminated intravascular coagulation", "DIC", "consumptive coagulopathy", "sepsis-associated DIC", "coagulopathy", "fibrinogen", "D-dimer" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "DIC is a clinicopathologic syndrome, not an isolated laboratory diagnosis: establish a plausible trigger and interpret platelet count, PT/INR, fibrin-related markers, and fibrinogen together and serially. [1][24]", "Treat the precipitating condition urgently; infection control, obstetric intervention, or trauma hemorrhage control is the primary therapy. [1][24]", "Use platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitate, or fibrinogen-containing products for active bleeding, high bleeding risk, or an invasive procedure—not solely to normalize abnormal coagulation tests. [1][24]", "DIC can present with microvascular or macrovascular thrombosis as well as bleeding; consider heparin when thrombosis predominates and provide VTE prophylaxis when bleeding risk permits. [1][24]", "A falling platelet count, rising PT/INR, rising D-dimer or fibrin degradation products, and falling fibrinogen trajectory are more informative than a single value. [1][24]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "recognition-and-urgency", "eyebrow": "Clinical recognition", "heading": "Recognize DIC as a dynamic syndrome in a high-risk clinical context", "intro": "The immediate task is to identify the trigger, assess hemorrhagic and thrombotic phenotype, and determine organ involvement.", "paragraphs": [ "DIC reflects systemic coagulation activation with thrombin generation, consumption of platelets and coagulation factors, endothelial injury, and dysregulated fibrinolysis. The clinical consequence may be diffuse bleeding, microvascular ischemic organ dysfunction, macrovascular thrombosis, or a mixed phenotype. [1][24]", "Sepsis is the most common precipitant. Other important triggers include shock with multiorgan failure, major trauma or tissue injury, obstetric catastrophes, malignancy, vascular injury, toxic or immunologic reactions, and severe liver dysfunction. [1][24]", "Do not delay treatment of the underlying disorder while awaiting confirmatory testing. In suspected sepsis-associated DIC, timely antimicrobial therapy and source control are central interventions; in trauma or obstetric hemorrhage, prioritize definitive hemorrhage control and resuscitation. [1][24]" ], "bullets": [ "Clinical features supporting DIC: new diffuse oozing from lines or wounds, mucosal bleeding, petechiae or ecchymoses, purpura, acral ischemia, symmetrical peripheral gangrene, venous or arterial thrombosis, oliguria, hypoxemia, altered mental status, or otherwise unexplained organ dysfunction. [1][24]", "A normal or elevated fibrinogen does not exclude early DIC, particularly in inflammatory states; interpret fibrinogen as a trajectory and in relation to the clinical context. [1][7]", "COVID-19-associated coagulopathy may initially be hypercoagulable with elevated fibrinogen and D-dimer but preserved PT and platelet count; secondary infection or clinical deterioration can subsequently lead to DIC. [1]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Clinical contexts and actions when DIC is suspected. [1][24]", "columns": [ "Context", "Immediate concern", "Priority action" ], "rows": [ [ "Sepsis or septic shock", "Rapidly evolving coagulopathy with organ dysfunction or bleeding", "Obtain serial coagulation studies while initiating antimicrobials, source control, and critical-care support. [1][24]" ], [ "Major trauma or hemorrhagic shock", "Trauma-induced coagulopathy, hemorrhage, hypothermia, acidosis, hypocalcemia", "Control bleeding, use institutional massive-transfusion/coagulation protocol, monitor PT/aPTT, fibrinogen, platelets, and consider viscoelastic testing where available. [16]" ], [ "Obstetric catastrophe", "Abrupt consumptive coagulopathy and major hemorrhage", "Expedite obstetric source control and provide targeted hemostatic support for bleeding or procedural need. [1][24]" ], [ "Cancer-associated or chronic DIC", "Thrombosis may predominate despite abnormal coagulation studies", "Treat malignancy when feasible; individualize anticoagulation and blood-component support to active thrombosis or bleeding. [1]" ] ] } }, { "id": "diagnosis-and-monitoring", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic approach", "heading": "Confirm probability with serial global hemostasis testing", "intro": "No single assay rules DIC in or out.", "paragraphs": [ "Order a CBC with platelet count, PT/INR, aPTT, fibrinogen, and a fibrin-related marker such as D-dimer or fibrin degradation products when DIC is clinically plausible. Review the peripheral smear for schistocytes and assess hemoglobin and hematocrit for concurrent bleeding or microangiopathic hemolysis. [1][24]", "The characteristic laboratory pattern is thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT/INR, increased fibrin-related markers, and often hypofibrinogenemia. A diagnosis requires integration of these findings with an established or strongly suspected DIC-associated condition. [1][24]", "Serial testing is essential because DIC evolves rapidly and trends determine management. In critically ill or actively bleeding patients, repeat the panel frequently enough to guide resuscitation and procedural decisions; the supplied sources support serial monitoring but do not specify a universal interval. [1][16]" ], "bullets": [ "Supportive pattern: declining platelet count, prolonged PT and often aPTT, rising D-dimer/FDP, and falling fibrinogen. [1][24]", "A DIC score incorporating platelets, fibrin marker elevation, PT prolongation, and fibrinogen is used to estimate probability; a score greater than 5 indicates high likelihood of overt DIC in the cited scoring approach. [24]", "Exclude or concurrently evaluate alternative explanations for thrombocytopenia and prolonged clotting times, including advanced liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulant exposure, thrombotic microangiopathy, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and acquired factor inhibitors. [7][22]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Interpretation pitfalls", "paragraphs": [ "PT/aPTT prolongation alone does not establish bleeding risk or DIC. Lupus anticoagulant can prolong aPTT without a bleeding phenotype, and anticoagulants, preanalytic problems, inflammation, liver disease, and vitamin K deficiency can confound screening studies. [22]", "In cirrhosis, abnormal conventional coagulation tests coexist with a rebalanced but unstable hemostatic state; cirrhosis can confer both bleeding and thrombosis risk. Do not diagnose DIC solely from chronic thrombocytopenia and prolonged PT/INR without a compatible acute change or precipitating syndrome. [8][18]" ], "bullets": [] }, { "heading": "Role of viscoelastic testing", "paragraphs": [ "Viscoelastic assays can provide rapid whole-blood assessment and may help direct transfusion in severely bleeding trauma patients, but their diagnostic thresholds and results are platform-specific. They complement rather than replace conventional tests, clinical assessment, and source control. [16]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Core testing and interpretation in suspected DIC. [1][24]", "columns": [ "Test", "DIC-compatible finding", "Clinical use" ], "rows": [ [ "Platelet count", "Declining count or thrombocytopenia", "Tracks consumption and informs bleeding/procedural support decisions. [1][24]" ], [ "PT/INR and aPTT", "PT prolongation; aPTT may also be prolonged", "Assesses consumptive factor depletion and trends response to treatment. [1][24]" ], [ "D-dimer or fibrin degradation products", "Elevated", "Supports systemic fibrin formation and breakdown but is not specific for DIC. [1][24]" ], [ "Fibrinogen", "Low or falling", "Identifies consumptive hypofibrinogenemia; an initially normal or high value may occur with inflammation. [1][7]" ], [ "Peripheral smear", "Schistocytes may be present", "Supports consumptive/microangiopathic process and helps assess competing diagnoses. [24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "management", "eyebrow": "Management", "heading": "Treat the trigger and support hemostasis according to bleeding and thrombosis phenotype", "intro": "Correcting laboratory abnormalities without treating the driver does not reverse DIC.", "paragraphs": [ "Management has three concurrent components: definitive treatment of the precipitating disorder, critical-care support for organ dysfunction, and selective correction of hemostatic deficits when bleeding, a high bleeding risk, or an invasive procedure justifies it. [1][24]", "Avoid reflex transfusion for isolated abnormal coagulation results in a nonbleeding patient. Plasma and platelet transfusions carry harms and should be tied to a clinical hemostatic objective rather than laboratory normalization alone. [1][24]", "DIC frequently coexists with thrombosis risk. In patients without active bleeding, pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis with heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin is supported by the cited review; therapeutic heparin may be considered when extensive thrombosis predominates. [24]" ], "bullets": [ "Escalate care for active major bleeding, shock, progressive organ dysfunction, suspected catastrophic thrombosis, or need for emergent invasive control of the underlying process. [1][24]", "Coordinate hematology, critical care, transfusion medicine, and the specialty managing the precipitant when DIC is severe, atypical, refractory, or complicated by thrombosis. [24]", "Monitor clinical bleeding, perfusion, organ function, platelet count, PT/INR, aPTT, fibrinogen, and fibrin-related markers during active management. [1][24]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Blood-component and factor support", "paragraphs": [ "For active bleeding, high bleeding risk, or an invasive procedure, platelet transfusion may be considered. The cited source describes platelet thresholds commonly used in DIC of less than 50 × 10^9/L in active hemorrhage and 10–20 × 10^9/L for nonbleeding patients considered at high bleeding risk. These are practice thresholds from a review, not a substitute for an institution-specific transfusion protocol. [24]", "Fresh frozen plasma can replenish multiple depleted coagulation factors when bleeding or a procedure is present; the cited review describes 15–30 mL/kg. Cryoprecipitate may be used to replenish fibrinogen. Use the smallest effective product exposure and reassess clinically and with repeat testing. [24]", "In hemorrhagic trauma, current international guidance emphasizes early coagulation testing, avoidance of hypothermia, acidosis, and hypocalcemia, and use of viscoelastic-guided treatment where available. That guideline recommends fibrinogen 3–6 g or 30–60 mg/kg for life-threatening hemorrhage or shock, but this is trauma-specific guidance and should not be generalized to all DIC etiologies. [16]" ], "bullets": [ "Do not use plasma, platelets, or cryoprecipitate simply to correct asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities. [1][24]", "Address aggravating conditions: hypothermia, acidosis, hypocalcemia, ongoing shock, and dilution from excessive crystalloid resuscitation can worsen coagulopathy. [16]", "For warfarin-associated major bleeding that may coexist with or mimic DIC, four-factor PCC plus slow IV vitamin K is recommended by CHEST; this is anticoagulant reversal, not primary treatment of DIC. [17]" ] }, { "heading": "Anticoagulation when thrombosis predominates", "paragraphs": [ "Consider therapeutic heparin when clinically important thrombosis predominates, such as extensive venous or arterial thrombosis, and bleeding is controlled or acceptably low. The decision is individualized because evidence is limited and the risk of hemorrhage can change quickly. [1][24]", "For hospitalized patients with DIC who are not actively bleeding, prophylactic-dose unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin should be considered to reduce VTE risk. Renal impairment affects low-molecular-weight heparin dosing; the cited CHEST guidance suggests dose reduction for therapeutic LMWH when creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min. [24][17]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Phenotype-directed supportive management in DIC. [1][24]", "columns": [ "Clinical phenotype", "Hemostatic strategy", "Key limitation" ], "rows": [ [ "Active bleeding or urgent invasive procedure", "Use platelets, plasma, and fibrinogen-containing support selectively according to cytopenia, factor depletion, fibrinogen, and procedural need. [1][24]", "Supportive products do not replace source control or treatment of the underlying disease. [1][24]" ], [ "No bleeding and no planned procedure", "Avoid routine correction of abnormal coagulation tests with blood components. [1][24]", "Continue serial assessment because phenotype can change rapidly. [1][24]" ], [ "Predominant thrombosis", "Consider therapeutic heparin after assessing bleeding risk and the reversibility of the precipitating process. [1][24]", "Evidence is limited; individualize with specialty input. [1]" ], [ "High VTE risk without active bleeding", "Consider pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis with heparin or LMWH. [24]", "Withhold or modify if bleeding risk becomes unacceptable. [24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "special-situations", "eyebrow": "Differential and special situations", "heading": "Distinguish DIC from other coagulopathies that change management", "intro": "The central diagnostic question is whether the laboratory pattern reflects systemic consumption from an acute trigger.", "paragraphs": [ "Liver disease and DIC frequently overlap clinically and biochemically. Cirrhosis produces a rebalanced hemostatic state with concurrent bleeding and thrombotic risk, so prolonged PT/INR and thrombocytopenia do not independently prove DIC. An acute compatible trigger, dynamic deterioration in platelets and fibrinogen, increasing fibrin-related markers, and new organ dysfunction increase concern for superimposed DIC. [8][18]", "A markedly prolonged aPTT without bleeding should prompt consideration of lupus anticoagulant or contact-factor deficiency rather than empiric plasma transfusion. Mixing studies help differentiate factor deficiency from an inhibitor: correction supports deficiency, while failure to correct suggests an inhibitor; time-dependent factor VIII inhibitors may correct initially then prolong after incubation. [22]", "Anticoagulant exposure can confound coagulation assays and cause bleeding independent of DIC. Establish medication history, timing of last dose, renal function, and relevant drug-specific testing where available. For DOAC-associated emergency bleeding, normal PT/aPTT does not reliably exclude clinically meaningful drug levels. [19][22]" ], "bullets": [ "Consider thrombotic microangiopathy when thrombocytopenia and schistocytes are prominent; DIC is more likely to show substantial fibrin-related marker elevation and consumptive PT/fibrinogen abnormalities in the appropriate trigger context. [22][24]", "Consider heparin-induced thrombocytopenia when thrombosis and platelet fall occur after heparin exposure; use clinical pretest assessment such as the 4Ts score before laboratory testing. [22]", "Consider acquired hemophilia in unexplained severe soft-tissue bleeding with isolated prolonged aPTT and inhibitor-pattern mixing study. [22]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Selected disorders that can resemble DIC. [8][18][22][24]", "columns": [ "Condition", "Clue favoring alternative diagnosis", "Management consequence" ], "rows": [ [ "Cirrhosis-associated coagulopathy", "Chronic liver disease with abnormal PT/INR and thrombocytopenia but no acute consumptive trajectory", "Avoid treating INR alone as a bleeding-risk surrogate; assess clinical bleeding and procedure-specific risk. [8][18]" ], [ "Lupus anticoagulant", "Prolonged aPTT without bleeding; inhibitor pattern on mixing study", "Do not assume factor depletion or give plasma solely for aPTT prolongation. [22]" ], [ "Acquired factor inhibitor", "Bleeding with isolated prolonged aPTT that fails to correct or prolongs after incubation", "Obtain factor assays and inhibitor testing; pursue hematology-directed therapy. [22]" ], [ "Anticoagulant effect", "Exposure history, renal dysfunction, or drug-specific level supports anticoagulant accumulation", "Use agent-specific reversal and supportive management when indicated. [17][19]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [ { "question": "Can DIC be diagnosed from an elevated D-dimer alone?", "answer": "No. D-dimer is sensitive to fibrin formation and breakdown but is nonspecific. Diagnose DIC from a compatible underlying condition plus the integrated pattern of platelet trend, PT/INR, fibrin-related marker elevation, fibrinogen, and clinical phenotype. [1][24]" }, { "question": "Should all patients with DIC receive fresh frozen plasma?", "answer": "No. Plasma is generally reserved for active bleeding, high bleeding risk, or an invasive procedure in the setting of factor depletion. Routine plasma to normalize tests in a nonbleeding patient is not recommended. [1][24]" }, { "question": "Does a normal fibrinogen exclude DIC?", "answer": "No. Fibrinogen can remain normal or high early in inflammatory states because it is an acute-phase reactant. A falling fibrinogen trend with worsening thrombocytopenia, PT prolongation, and D-dimer elevation is more informative. [1][7]" }, { "question": "When is heparin appropriate in DIC?", "answer": "Consider therapeutic heparin when clinically significant thrombosis predominates and bleeding risk is acceptable. In patients without active bleeding, pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis with heparin or LMWH should be considered. [1][24]" }, { "question": "How often should coagulation studies be repeated in active DIC?", "answer": "Repeat studies serially often enough to guide active bleeding management, procedures, and response to treatment. The supplied sources endorse serial monitoring but do not provide one universal interval; acuity and rate of clinical change should determine frequency. 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StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560651", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 22, "title": "Laboratory Evaluation of Coagulopathies - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606118", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 23, "title": "Perioperative Anticoagulation Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557590", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" }, { "number": 24, "title": "Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - StatPearls - NCBI", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441834", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/184", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "snippet": "Diagnosis is based on the presence of ≥1 known underlying conditions causing DIC plus abnormal global coagulation tests: thrombocytopenia, increased prothrombin time/international normalised ratio, elevated fibrin-related marker (D-dimer/fibrin degradation products), and often hypofibrinogenaemia.\n\n", "score": 0.25577372 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use: A Practical Guide to ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.017559", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "by A Chen · 2020 · Cited by 693 — The purpose of this review is to be a practical reference or algorithm for the busy clinician to navigate key aspects of effective DOAC", "score": 0.21526861 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Drug Interactions Affecting Oral Anticoagulant Use", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCEP.121.007956", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "Adopted from Hansten and Horn,56 Lund et al,108 Terrier et al,128 and US Food and Drug Administration.163Limit consumption to < 4 grams a day.\n\nAll DOACs must be dose-adjusted in the setting of renal impairment due to reduced clearance, but, in the setting of mild hepatic impairment, drug clearance ", "score": 0.41279107 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Chronic Kidney ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.111.084996", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "by D Capodanno · 2012 · Cited by 197 — No dose adjustment based on renal function is required for abciximab because of the rapid removal of free drug from the circulation by the", "score": 0.12992094 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Pharmacology of Warfarin", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000063575.17904.4e", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "Starting doses <4 to 5 mg/d should be used in patients sensitive to warfarin, including the elderly,40,117 and in those at dose adjustments.158", "score": 0.0926305 }, { "number": 6, "title": "FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions | FDA", "detail": "go.nature.com", "url": "https://go.nature.com/3NR9FYA", "authors": "go.nature.com", "host": "go.nature.com", "snippet": "Treatment with these medicines is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers including lymphoma and lung cancer, so inform your health care professional if you experience signs and symptoms such as swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, armpits, or groin; constantly feeling tired; fever; ni", "score": 0.052760426 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of congenital and acquired coagulopathies, including challenging-to-diagnose rare bleeding disorders", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031302525002223", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Coagulation factors, anticoagulant proteins, and fibrinolytic proteins are important for haemostasis and may be altered by inherited and acquired conditions. Common causes of coagulopathies include vitamin K (VK) deficiency (VKD), liver disease, lupus anticoagulants, consumption or disseminated intr", "score": 0.2843479 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Guidelines for the management of coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255534X24000124", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "These guidelines detail aspects related to pathophysiologic mechanisms that intervene in the maintenance of hemostasis in the patient with cirrhosis, the relevance of portal hypertension, mechanical factors for the development of bleeding, modifications in the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factor", "score": 0.680136 }, { "number": 9, "title": "American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S247395292030611X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Conclusions: Strong recommendations included using patient self-management of international normalized ratio (INR) with home point-of-care INR monitoring for vitamin K antagonist therapy and against using periprocedural low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) bridging therapy. Conditional recommendation", "score": 0.65966886 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Point of care guided coagulation management in adult ...", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883944124003174", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "by A Saracoglu · 2024 · Cited by 5 — Viscoelastic POC monitoring demonstrates potential benefits for coagulation management in ECMO patients. Future research should focus on standardizing evidence", "score": 0.6211049 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Toward Dynamic Prescribing Information: Codevelopment of ...", "detail": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpdd.638", "authors": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "renal impairment, cirrhosis, Product information for generic drugs: sometimes unsafe.", "score": 0.30728576 }, { "number": 12, "title": "2024 CPDD Abstract Booklet - 2024 - Wiley Online Library", "detail": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cpdd.1459", "authors": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Ongoing efforts to harmonize the recommendations warranted to facilitate generic drug development. dosing adjustment recommendations in", "score": 0.2253829 }, { "number": 13, "title": "flRenal and Hepatic Impairment and Drugâ", "detail": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jcph.1784", "authors": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by S Willmann · 2021 · Cited by 40 — Therefore, renal and hepatic impairment may reduce rivaroxaban clearance, and medications inhibiting these clearance pathways could lead to drug", "score": 0.22448908 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Prescribing patterns of target-specific oral anticoagulants", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/bloodcoagulation/fulltext/2015/10000/prescribing_patterns_of_target_specific_oral.9.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "(<90 000 platelets/μl), pregnancy, high bleeding risk and uncontrolled hypertension. [...] #### Advertising Cookies\n\n- [x] Advertising Cookies \n\nThese cookies may collect insights to issue personalized content and advertising on our own and other websites, and may be set through our site by third pa", "score": 0.19447523 }, { "number": 15, "title": "A New Dosing Frontier: Retrospective Assessment... : Critical Care Explorations", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/ccejournal/fulltext/2024/04000/a_new_dosing_frontier__retrospective_assessment_of.2.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "L/hr, and greater than or equal to 4.1 L/hr, respectively. The FDA product label also indicates that the recommended dosing regimen may need to be tailored based on residual kidney function and the patient’s clinical status (13, 16). These recommendations suggest that cefiderocol dosing could vary o", "score": 0.16869286 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Inhospital coagulation management and fluid replacement therapy in patients with multiple and/or severe injuries – a systematic review and clinical practice guideline update", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12204895", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Keywords:Coagulation management, Fluid replacement therapy, Transfusion, Outcome, Polytrauma guideline\n\n## has grown considerably. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of TIC.\n\nOur aim was to update the evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations for inhos", "score": 0.6369636 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Evidence-Based Management of Anticoagulant Therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3278055", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "51.Bond CA, Raehl CL. Pharmacist-provided anticoagulation management in United States hospitals: death rates, length of stay, Medicare charges, bleeding complications, and transfusions. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24(8):953–963. doi: 10.1592/phco.24.11.953.36133. 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Executive summary: perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: an American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. _Chest_ 2022; 162: 1127–1139. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.004 [DOI", "score": 0.38525957 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Clinical outcomes of coagulation disorders in elderly Africans: a review of risk, diagnosis, and management - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12889501", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": ".Katz SE, Williams DJ. Pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in the United States: changing epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and areas for future research. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017;32:47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]\n .Viehweg TL, Roberson JB, Hudson J", "score": 0.34329823 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Anticoagulation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560651", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "This activity reviews the general principles in anticoagulation therapy, with highlights on the different types, indications, and perioperative impact of anticoagulants. Hemostasis involves an interplay of clotting factors and the vessel wall. Abnormalities of the vessel wall and the clotting factor", "score": 0.33770624 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Laboratory Evaluation of Coagulopathies - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606118", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "## Interfering Factors\n\nCoagulation tests are subject to several interfering factors that may affect their accuracy and reliability, prolonging or shortening clotting times. The guidelines from the CLSI suggest discarding samples with excess hemolysis, lipemia, or icterus, as these abnormalities can", "score": 0.2919948 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Perioperative Anticoagulation Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557590", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Managing perioperatively the patient receiving anticoagulation therapy is the responsibility across all disciplines of the healthcare team. First, it is the nurse's responsibility to ensure the information on anticoagulation therapy and diagnoses is correct for the patient upon admission for preoper", "score": 0.2765298 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - StatPearls - NCBI", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441834", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a complex condition characterized by a widespread hypercoagulable state in small and large blood vessels that can lead to microvascular and macrovascular clotting and compromised blood flow, ultimately resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Common", "score": 0.21598712 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T00:09:31.018578Z", "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T00:09:31.018578Z", "readingMinutes": 6, "slug": "disseminated-intravascular-coagulation" }