{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Nephrology & Endocrinology",
  "title": "Diabetes Medication Selection in CKD",
  "summary": "Select glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease by prioritizing SGLT2 inhibitors for kidney and heart failure protection, adding GLP-1 receptor agonists for cardiovascular and glycemic benefit, and considering finerenone for albuminuric disease with potassium surveillance.",
  "seoDescription": "A practical guide to selecting SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, metformin, and finerenone for type 2 diabetes with CKD.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians select and sequence diabetes medications for adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease?",
  "specialty": "Nephrology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "type 2 diabetes chronic kidney disease",
    "SGLT2 inhibitor eGFR 20",
    "GLP-1 receptor agonist CKD",
    "finerenone albuminuria",
    "metformin renal dosing"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "For type 2 diabetes with CKD, use an SGLT2 inhibitor with demonstrated benefit when eGFR is at least 20 mL/min/1.73 m2, independent of A1C, to slow CKD progression and reduce cardiovascular events and heart failure risk. [18][24]",
    "At eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, favor a GLP-1 receptor agonist for glucose lowering because hypoglycemia risk is lower; SGLT2 inhibitor kidney and heart failure benefit may still justify continuation after initiation at higher eGFR. [17][24]",
    "In albuminuric CKD, add finerenone when eGFR is at least 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 and monitor potassium; pivotal-trial populations received optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade. [18][12]",
    "Use metformin when eGFR is at least 30 mL/min/1.73 m2; reduce the total daily dose to 1,000 mg when eGFR is 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2 and in selected patients with eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 who are at high risk for lactic acidosis. [24]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "define-the-treatment-branch",
      "eyebrow": "Initial decision",
      "heading": "Use eGFR and albuminuria to assign the kidney-protection pathway",
      "intro": "Medication selection changes once CKD or albuminuria is confirmed.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Obtain eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) before choosing a glucose-lowering regimen. In type 2 diabetes, CKD defined by eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or UACR of at least 30 mg/g identifies patients with a guideline-level indication for SGLT2 inhibitor therapy; missing albuminuria data can obscure eligibility in patients without known heart failure or ASCVD. [9]",
        "For adults with type 2 diabetes and confirmed eGFR 20-60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or albuminuria, select an SGLT2 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist with demonstrated benefit irrespective of A1C or concurrent metformin. The choice should be driven by the dominant preventable outcome: SGLT2 inhibitors for CKD progression and heart failure risk, and GLP-1 receptor agonists when cardiovascular risk reduction, glucose lowering, or avoidance of hypoglycemia at advanced CKD predominates. [17][18]",
        "Do not use the diminished glucose-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibition at eGFR below 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 as a reason to withhold kidney- and heart-failure-directed treatment. At this threshold, reassess glycemic therapy separately and add or prioritize a GLP-1 receptor agonist when further A1C lowering is needed. [17][21]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "eGFR at least 20 mL/min/1.73 m2: initiate an SGLT2 inhibitor with demonstrated kidney or cardiovascular benefit. [18][24]",
        "eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2: use a GLP-1 receptor agonist preferentially for glycemic management. [17]",
        "UACR at least 30 mg/g with CKD: assess candidacy for finerenone if eGFR is at least 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 and potassium monitoring is feasible. [18][12]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Treatment selection by renal phenotype and dominant therapeutic objective. [17][18][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical branch",
          "Preferred medication decision",
          "What changes the next step"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "T2D, CKD, eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m2",
            "Initiate an SGLT2 inhibitor with demonstrated benefit, independent of A1C. [18][24]",
            "If A1C remains above the individualized target or cardiovascular risk predominates, add/select a GLP-1 receptor agonist with demonstrated benefit. [17][18]"
          ],
          [
            "T2D, advanced CKD, eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2",
            "Prefer a GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and cardiovascular event reduction. [17]",
            "An SGLT2 inhibitor initiated previously can be continued at lower eGFR levels; do not expect reliable glycemic efficacy below eGFR 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. [24][17]"
          ],
          [
            "T2D, CKD with albuminuria",
            "Use finerenone for cardiovascular and CKD-progression reduction if eGFR is ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2; monitor potassium. [18]",
            "Confirm the patient is receiving optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade, consistent with the finerenone trial population. [12]"
          ],
          [
            "T2D, CKD with need for metformin",
            "Use metformin when eGFR is ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2. [24]",
            "Reduce to 1,000 mg/day at eGFR 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2; consider that dose at eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 when lactic-acidosis risk is high. [24]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "prioritize-sglt2-inhibition",
      "eyebrow": "Kidney and heart failure protection",
      "heading": "When to prioritize an SGLT2 inhibitor",
      "intro": "Use outcome protection rather than A1C response as the primary selection criterion.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For most adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD, initiate an SGLT2 inhibitor once eGFR is at least 20 mL/min/1.73 m2, including patients who already meet their individualized glycemic target on other agents. Current ADA guidance recommends this approach to reduce CKD progression and cardiovascular events, with heart failure risk reduction independent of glucose management. [18][17]",
        "If the patient has CKD plus established ASCVD, heart failure, or high ASCVD risk, an SGLT2 inhibitor and/or GLP-1 receptor agonist with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit is recommended regardless of A1C and whether metformin is being used. For a patient with a competing heart-failure or progressive-CKD priority, choose the SGLT2 inhibitor first; comparative observational evidence found lower 5-year CKD risk and fewer acute kidney injury events with SGLT2 inhibitor initiation than with GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation. [17][1]",
        "Expect a reversible early eGFR decline after SGLT2 inhibitor initiation. This hemodynamic change generally does not require discontinuation; SGLT2 inhibitor use appears protective against acute kidney injury. Continue treatment below the initiation eGFR threshold unless intolerance or another clinical reason requires cessation. [24]",
        "Before initiation, review volume status and diuretic use. In patients at high risk for hypovolemia, consider a proactive diuretic dose reduction and monitor for volume depletion. Hold the SGLT2 inhibitor during acute illness; use a sick-day protocol and maintain at least low-dose insulin in insulin-requiring patients to reduce diabetic ketoacidosis risk. [24]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Counsel on genital infection symptoms and prompt treatment; hygiene counseling is recommended. [24]",
        "If insulin or a sulfonylurea is being used, reassess the background dose after adding an SGLT2 inhibitor to reduce hypoglycemia risk. [24]",
        "Check blood or urine ketones when ketoacidosis risk is very high or symptoms raise concern. [24]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Practical SGLT2 inhibitor initiation and follow-up actions in diabetes with CKD. [24][17][18]",
        "columns": [
          "Time point",
          "Action",
          "Interpretation or adjustment"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Before initiation",
            "Review eGFR, volume status, diuretic therapy, insulin requirement, and illness-management plan. [24]",
            "Initiate if eGFR is ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m2 for kidney and cardiovascular benefit. [18][24]"
          ],
          [
            "Early follow-up",
            "Assess for hypovolemia and the expected reversible eGFR decline. [24]",
            "An initial eGFR decline generally does not require discontinuation. [24]"
          ],
          [
            "Intercurrent illness",
            "Hold the SGLT2 inhibitor and implement a sick-day protocol. [24]",
            "Maintain at least low-dose insulin in insulin-requiring patients; assess ketones when ketoacidosis risk is high. [24]"
          ],
          [
            "Glycemic reassessment",
            "Review A1C and hypoglycemia-producing background therapy. [24][17]",
            "At eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2, add a different glucose-lowering strategy if needed because SGLT2 glycemic benefit is reduced. [17]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "select-glp1-receptor-agonist",
      "eyebrow": "Glycemic and ASCVD priority",
      "heading": "When to use a GLP-1 receptor agonist",
      "intro": "Use a GLP-1 receptor agonist to address residual glycemic or atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Use a GLP-1 receptor agonist with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in type 2 diabetes and CKD when cardiovascular event reduction is a predominant objective, when additional glycemic lowering is required after kidney-directed therapy, or when SGLT2 inhibitors cannot be used. ADA guidance recommends a GLP-1 receptor agonist for reduction of cardiovascular risk and CKD progression in this population. [18][17]",
        "At eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, a GLP-1 receptor agonist is preferred for glycemic management because of lower hypoglycemia risk. This is the key branch in advanced CKD: retain an SGLT2 inhibitor previously started for cardiorenal benefit when clinically appropriate, but do not rely on it for glucose lowering. [17][24]",
        "Semaglutide has kidney-outcome trial evidence in type 2 diabetes with CKD: the FLOW trial randomized patients to semaglutide 1 mg subcutaneously weekly or placebo, including participants with eGFR 25-75 mL/min/1.73 m2 and substantial albuminuria. Baseline SGLT2 inhibitor use was permitted, supporting combined use when each class has an independent clinical indication. [4]",
        "Mitigate gastrointestinal intolerance by starting the GLP-1 receptor agonist at its lowest recommended dose and titrating slowly. Counsel specifically about nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; these symptoms can compromise volume status in CKD and should trigger reassessment of oral intake and concurrent diuretic exposure. [24]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Choose GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy even when A1C is at target if the patient has established ASCVD, high ASCVD risk, heart failure, or CKD and cardiovascular risk reduction is the treatment objective. [17]",
        "Use combination SGLT2 inhibitor plus GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy when both renal/heart-failure protection and additional glycemic or ASCVD-risk reduction are needed; reported SGLT2 inhibitor benefits were similar with and without concomitant GLP-1 receptor agonist use. [13]",
        "Avoid therapeutic inertia after the eGFR falls below 45 mL/min/1.73 m2: reduced SGLT2 inhibitor glycemic efficacy is an indication to reassess glucose-lowering therapy, not kidney-protective therapy. [17]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": null
    },
    {
      "id": "metformin-and-lower-risk-options",
      "eyebrow": "Background glycemic therapy",
      "heading": "Adjust metformin and avoid hypoglycemia as kidney function declines",
      "intro": "Separate kidney-protection medication choices from baseline glucose-lowering adjustments.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Continue or initiate metformin only when eGFR is at least 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Reduce the total daily dose to 1,000 mg at eGFR 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2; also consider reducing to 1,000 mg daily at eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 in patients at high risk of lactic acidosis. FDA guidance cited in cardiovascular pharmacology literature lists metformin as contraindicated below eGFR 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and does not recommend initiation at eGFR 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2. [24][3]",
        "When eGFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and a GLP-1 receptor agonist is unsuitable or insufficient, a DPP-4 inhibitor is an alternative glucose-lowering option in renal impairment. Linagliptin has the practical advantage of not requiring dose adjustment as renal function declines; this is useful when injection therapy is not feasible and hypoglycemia avoidance is important. [23]",
        "For any transition to SGLT2 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy, proactively reduce hypoglycemia exposure from insulin or sulfonylureas when clinically indicated. ADA emphasizes that the preferred cardiorenal agents can be added or substituted despite A1C at target, so background regimens should be redesigned rather than simply layered without reassessment. [24][17]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "eGFR ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2: metformin can be used; assess whether high lactic-acidosis risk warrants dose reduction. [24]",
        "eGFR 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2: cap metformin at 1,000 mg/day. [24]",
        "eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2: do not use metformin; select a GLP-1 receptor agonist preferentially for glucose lowering. [3][17]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": null
    },
    {
      "id": "add-finerenone-for-albuminuria",
      "eyebrow": "Residual albuminuric risk",
      "heading": "Add finerenone for albuminuric CKD after renin-angiotensin system optimization",
      "intro": "Finerenone addresses residual kidney and cardiovascular risk in albuminuric diabetic CKD.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "For type 2 diabetes with CKD and albuminuria, use a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist shown effective in clinical trials when eGFR is at least 25 mL/min/1.73 m2. ADA recommends finerenone-class therapy to reduce cardiovascular events and CKD progression in albuminuric CKD, with potassium monitoring as an explicit requirement. [18]",
        "The FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD pooled program enrolled patients receiving optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade with either UACR 30 to less than 300 mg/g and eGFR 25-90 mL/min/1.73 m2, or UACR 300-5,000 mg/g and eGFR at least 25 mL/min/1.73 m2. Use this phenotype to identify the patient most closely aligned with the outcome-trial population. [12]",
        "Do not treat finerenone as a substitute for an SGLT2 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist when those agents are indicated. In FIDELITY, finerenone reduced the cardiovascular composite endpoint irrespective of baseline SGLT2 inhibitor use; combination therapy in albuminuric G1-G3 CKD produced greater 6-month UACR reduction than either treatment alone without excess safety risk in the cited combination trial. [12][13]",
        "Monitor potassium after finerenone initiation and during therapy. Hyperkalemia is the principal monitoring tradeoff; SGLT2 inhibitor and diuretic use may mitigate hyperkalemia risk with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, but potassium surveillance remains required. [18][13]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use UACR to identify the albuminuric phenotype rather than relying on eGFR alone. [12][18]",
        "Confirm eGFR is at least 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 before selecting finerenone. [18][12]",
        "Use potassium monitoring as part of the prescribing plan, not as a deferred follow-up task. [18]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": null
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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    {
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      "score": 0.7348247
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "Treatment effect heterogeneity following type 2 diabetes ... - Nature",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00359-w",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com",
      "snippet": "CAS \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nChun, K. J. & Jung, H. H. SGLT2 inhibitors and kidney and cardiac outcomes according to estimated GFR and albuminuria levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Kidney Med. 3, 732–744.e731 (2021).\n\nPubMed Central \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nD’Andrea, E. et al.",
      "score": 0.62852204
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "Diabetic kidney disease | Nature Reviews Disease Primers",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201518",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com",
      "snippet": "Article \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nSchernthaner, G., Mogensen, C. E. & Schernthaner, G. H. The effects of GLP-1 analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors on the renal system. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. 11, 306–323 (2014).\n\nArticle \nCAS \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nGroop, P. H. et al. Linagliptin lowers ",
      "score": 0.6186197
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Kidney and Cardiovascular Effectiveness of SGLT2 Inhibitors vs ...",
      "detail": "www.jacc.org",
      "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.06.016",
      "authors": "www.jacc.org",
      "host": "www.jacc.org",
      "snippet": "| sMRAs | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 0.014 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.000 |\n| Concomitant diabetes medications, % |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Insulin | 36.7 | 30.0 | 41.7 | 0.247 | 34.3 | 34.3 | 0.000 |\n| Metformin | 56.5 | 57.3 | 55.9 | 0.029 | 56.9 | 56.9 | 0.000 |\n| Sulfonylureas | 26.5 | 28.1 | 25.4 | 0.062 | 27.2 | 27.2",
      "score": 0.61834323
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Comparative effectiveness of combining antidiabetic medications to treat renal impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Scientific Reports",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-10299-1",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com",
      "snippet": "Article \nCAS \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nAl Tuhaifi, T., Zhong, J., Yang, H. C. & Fogo, A. B. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on experimental diabetic kidney disease. Lab. Invest. 104 (2), 100305.  (2024).\n\nArticle \nCAS \nPubMed \nGoogle Scholar\n\nEv",
      "score": 0.5631623
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Prescription Patterns for Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in U.S. Health Systems",
      "detail": "www.jacc.org",
      "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.05.057",
      "authors": "www.jacc.org",
      "host": "www.jacc.org",
      "snippet": "Current guidelines recommend SGLT2 inhibitors as first-line therapy among patients with diabetes and 1 of the following comorbidities: ASCVD, CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, or UACR ≥30 mg/g), and HF (Class 1a).16,17,20 For patients without diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for people with U",
      "score": 0.55767727
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "From FLOW to translational positioning in chronic kidney disease: mechanistic complementarity of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1931524426001581",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "### Kidney Int Suppl\n\n### Impact of random variation in albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate on patient enrolment and duration of clinical trials in nephrology\n\n### Diabetes Obes Metab\n\n### KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD\n\n### Top 10 ta",
      "score": 0.6607204
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Cardio-renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with advanced chronic kidney disease on SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002934325008393",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "### Discussion\n\nOur study has three key findings. First, in adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease, initiating SGLT2i or GLP-1 RAs have a comparable effect on all-cause mortality. Second, initiating SGLT2i compared with GLP-1 RA is associated with a lower HR fo",
      "score": 0.69968605
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Finerenone in Patients with CKD and Type 2... : Journal of the American Society of Nephrology",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/jasn/fulltext/10.1681/asn.20213210s145b~finerenone-in-patients-with-ckd-and-type-2-diabetes-by",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "This prespecified analysis combines patient-level data from the FIDELIODKD (NCT02540993) and FIGARO-DKD (NCT02545049) phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials. Patients were randomized 1:1 to oral finerenone or placebo. Patients had T2D and either a urine ",
      "score": 0.885404
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "ASN Kidney Health Guidance on the... : Journal of the American Society of Nephrology",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/jasn/fulltext/10.1681/asn.0000001231~asn-kidney-health-guidance-on-the",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Agarwal R, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, et al. Finerenone with empagliflozin in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(6):533–543. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2410659Cited HereFull TextCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar \n   ## 66.\n\nNeuen BL, Fletcher RA, Heath L, et al. Cardiovascular, kidne",
      "score": 0.8655088
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors versus... : Kidney360",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/kidney360/fulltext/10.34067/kid.0000000597~sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors-versus",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "cohort had 30%. Current literature evaluating major adverse kidney events (MAKEs) outcomes and comparing SGLT2i and GLP-1RA use in T2D similar to our study is sparse. Published outcomes are predominately one drug class versus placebo, and the end points are not comparable with our study. In a networ",
      "score": 0.81347597
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Biochemical Efficacy of Sodium–Glucose... : Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/fulltext/2022/07000/biochemical_efficacy_of_sodium_glucose.15.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a relatively novel class of antidiabetic medications, which inhibit glucose reabsorption in the nephron thereby causing glycosuria. In addition to the well-established blood glucose–lowering effect, a series of large randomized clinical trials ",
      "score": 0.53590065
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Section 11: Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management | Clinical Diabetes | American Diabetes Association",
      "detail": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "url": "https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/43/2/215/158031/Section-11-Chronic-Kidney-Disease-and-Risk",
      "authors": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "host": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "snippet": "Title: Section 11: Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management | Clinical Diabetes | American Diabetes Association\nDiabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes management in",
      "score": 0.75377536
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of ...",
      "detail": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "url": "https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/48/Supplement_1/S181/157569/9-Pharmacologic-Approaches-to-Glycemic-Treatment",
      "authors": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "host": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "snippet": "For people with type 2 diabetes and established ASCVD or indicators of high ASCVD risk, HF, or CKD, an SGLT2 inhibitor and/or GLP-1 RA with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit (Table 9.2) is recommended independent of A1C, with or without metformin use, and in consideration of person-specific factor",
      "score": 0.6780931
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of ...",
      "detail": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "url": "https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/48/Supplement_1/S239/157554/11-Chronic-Kidney-Disease-and-Risk-Management",
      "authors": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "host": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "snippet": "SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for people with eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m2 and type 2 diabetes, as they slow CKD progression and reduce heart failure risk independent of glucose management (106). GLP-1 RAs are suggested for cardiovascular risk reduction if such risk is a predominant problem, as they r",
      "score": 0.6366926
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "A Primary Care Guide to the Screening and Pharmacologic ...",
      "detail": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "url": "https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/43/4/531/162868/A-Primary-Care-Guide-to-the-Screening-and",
      "authors": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "host": "diabetesjournals.org",
      "snippet": "Finerenone in patients across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use.",
      "score": 0.6307082
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists according to the 2019 ESC guidelines and the 2019 ADA/EASD consensus report in a national population of patients with type 2 diabetes - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36582120",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Title: Use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists according to the 2019 ESC guidelines and the 2019 ADA/EASD consensus report in a national population of patients with type 2 diabetes - PubMed\nAn official website of the United States government. T",
      "score": 0.4902606
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Initial medicines | Type 2 diabetes in adults: management  | Guidance | NICE",
      "detail": "www.nice.org.uk",
      "url": "https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28/chapter/Initial-medicines",
      "authors": "www.nice.org.uk",
      "host": "www.nice.org.uk",
      "snippet": "Little evidence was identified specifically for people with chronic kidney disease. However, the committee agreed that people with an eGFR of 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 or more should see the same benefits from diabetes medicines as people without chronic kidney disease. In the health economic analysis, metf",
      "score": 0.741169
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "[PDF] INFINITI Protocol March 18 2022 clean - ClinicalTrials.gov",
      "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov",
      "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/35/NCT04965935/Prot_000.pdf",
      "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov",
      "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov",
      "snippet": "during the study through study and telephone visits71. All anti-diabetes medications will be allowed including insulin, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. SGLT2 inhibitors may not be used within 1 month of starting the study. No minimum time on anti-diabetes medications wil",
      "score": 0.56258565
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "[PDF] Protocol for non-interventional studies based on ... - ClinicalTrials.gov",
      "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov",
      "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/03/NCT03338803/Prot_SAP_000.pdf",
      "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov",
      "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov",
      "snippet": " Pre-index antihyperglycemic medications— Pre-index antihyperglycemic medications will be identified based on written prescription, medication administration, and medication history records in the EHR data during the pre-index period. Binary flags, one per medication class and another per distinct ",
      "score": 0.45973158
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)",
      "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9870667",
      "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or high intensity for patients with known ASCVD and some patients with multiple ASCVD risk factors.Metformin is recommended for patients with T2D, CKD, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m 2; the dose should be reduced to",
      "score": 0.8010817
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T18:31:15.884527+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T18:31:15.884527+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 7,
  "slug": "diabetes-medication-selection-in-ckd"
}