{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Endocrinology",
  "title": "Cushing Disease",
  "summary": "Confirm persistent endogenous hypercortisolism before localization, then distinguish pituitary ACTH secretion from ectopic ACTH production with pituitary MRI and selective inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Transsphenoidal resection is first-line; recurrent or persistent disease requires individualized multimodal cortisol control.",
  "seoDescription": "Physician guide to diagnosing, localizing, treating, and monitoring pituitary ACTH-dependent Cushing disease, including surgery and salvage options.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians confirm, localize, treat, and monitor pituitary ACTH-dependent Cushing disease?",
  "specialty": "Endocrinology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "Cushing disease",
    "ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome",
    "hypercortisolism",
    "inferior petrosal sinus sampling",
    "transsphenoidal surgery"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Establish endogenous hypercortisolism with late-night salivary cortisol, 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression testing, and/or 24-hour urinary free cortisol after excluding exogenous glucocorticoid exposure. [4][24]",
    "After biochemical confirmation, plasma ACTH directs localization: ACTH above 20 ng/L supports ACTH-dependent disease, whereas ACTH below 10 ng/L redirects evaluation toward an adrenal source. [24]",
    "Pituitary MRI does not alone establish Cushing disease when findings are absent or equivocal; bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling is the reference localization test for ACTH-dependent disease in this setting. [14][22]",
    "Transsphenoidal corticotroph adenoma resection is first-line treatment when feasible; persistent or recurrent disease may require repeat surgery, radiotherapy or radiosurgery, medical therapy, or bilateral adrenalectomy. [20][2]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "confirm-and-triage",
      "eyebrow": "Initial decision",
      "heading": "Confirm endogenous hypercortisolism before localization",
      "intro": "Do not interpret pituitary imaging or ACTH until cortisol excess has been biochemically established.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "First exclude exogenous corticosteroid exposure, the most common cause of Cushing syndrome. In patients with a phenotype concerning for endogenous disease, use late-night salivary cortisol, a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test, and/or 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) as initial biochemical tests. [4]",
        "For the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test, administer dexamethasone at midnight and measure serum cortisol at approximately 09:00; suppression to less than 1.8 micrograms/dL (50 nmol/L) is the cited normal result. A 48-hour low-dose dexamethasone protocol uses 0.5 mg every 6 hours, with the same post-test cortisol threshold of less than 1.8 micrograms/dL. [24]",
        "When clinical suspicion remains high despite intermittently normal testing, obtain repeated late-night salivary cortisol and UFC measurements rather than localizing a single equivocal biochemical result. Cyclic Cushing syndrome can produce spontaneous remissions and requires demonstration of active hypercortisolism before ACTH-source testing or invasive sampling. [22][3][7]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Treat florid hypercortisolism as a time-sensitive endocrine emergency and proceed with biochemical confirmation and source evaluation in parallel when disease severity requires rapid cortisol control before definitive treatment. [24][2]",
        "Do not use a single plasma ACTH value to distinguish pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion; ACTH concentrations overlap substantially between these disorders. [12]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Initial biochemical tests and actionable interpretations for suspected endogenous Cushing syndrome. [4][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Test",
          "Actionable result",
          "Next step"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test",
            "Morning cortisol less than 1.8 micrograms/dL is the cited normal suppression threshold. [24]",
            "If cortisol does not suppress, corroborate endogenous hypercortisolism with another first-line test and proceed to ACTH measurement. [4][24]"
          ],
          [
            "Late-night salivary cortisol",
            "Elevated late-night salivary cortisol supports loss of physiologic cortisol nadir. [4]",
            "Repeat collections when cyclic disease is possible or results are discordant. [22][3]"
          ],
          [
            "24-hour UFC",
            "Elevated UFC supports endogenous hypercortisolism; three normal collections are listed as a normal assessment approach. [24]",
            "Measure plasma ACTH after hypercortisolism is confirmed. [4][24]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "localize-acth-source",
      "eyebrow": "Etiologic branch",
      "heading": "Use ACTH, pituitary MRI, and venous sampling to establish a pituitary source",
      "intro": "Cushing disease is ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary corticotroph adenoma.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Measure plasma ACTH after confirming endogenous hypercortisolism. ACTH above 20 ng/L establishes ACTH dependence and requires discrimination between a pituitary corticotroph tumor and ectopic ACTH secretion; ACTH below 10 ng/L directs the workup toward ACTH-independent adrenal cortisol production. Intermediate values are a diagnostic gray zone because they may occur with either Cushing disease or adrenal pathology. [24]",
        "Obtain contrast-enhanced pituitary MRI for ACTH-dependent disease, but do not equate a detected lesion with causality. MRI identifies an adenoma in only about 60% to 75% of patients in one contemporary review, and historical estimates cited detection of approximately 40% to 52% of corticotroph tumors. [22][12]",
        "Use bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS), usually with corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation, when ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism is established but MRI is negative, equivocal, or discordant with biochemical and dynamic testing. BIPSS is regarded as the gold-standard procedure for distinguishing central from ectopic ACTH secretion, but it should be performed in an experienced center. [14][15][22]",
        "A central-to-peripheral ACTH gradient supports Cushing disease. A post-stimulation ratio greater than 3.0 is cited as diagnostic of a central source, although one tertiary-center series reported optimized cutoffs of 2.06 at baseline and 2.49 after corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation; interpret thresholds in the context of the local protocol and documented technical adequacy. [13][14]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "If a compelling pituitary macroadenoma is present on MRI, BIPSS may be unnecessary; otherwise, particularly for a negative or small/equivocal lesion, discuss BIPSS before pituitary surgery. [24][15]",
        "Do not use BIPSS to determine operative laterality alone; its principal role is establishing pituitary versus nonpituitary ACTH secretion. [14][15]",
        "If BIPSS does not show a central ACTH gradient, redirect evaluation to ectopic ACTH secretion rather than proceeding directly to pituitary surgery. Ectopic ACTH syndrome accounts for approximately 10% to 20% of Cushing syndrome. [6][14]"
      ],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Dynamic testing",
          "paragraphs": [
            "CRH or desmopressin stimulation and high-dose dexamethasone testing can support a pituitary source, but overlap with ectopic ACTH secretion limits their ability to replace BIPSS when noninvasive results and pituitary imaging are inconclusive. [12][15][23]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "During pregnancy, conventional diagnostic interpretation is difficult because hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity is physiologically altered; desmopressin testing has been proposed for differential diagnosis, but pregnancy data are limited. [23]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Localization pathway after confirmed endogenous hypercortisolism. [4][14][24]",
        "columns": [
          "Finding",
          "Most likely branch",
          "Next action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "ACTH below 10 ng/L",
            "ACTH-independent cortisol excess. [24]",
            "Evaluate the adrenal glands rather than pursuing pituitary or ectopic ACTH localization. [4][24]"
          ],
          [
            "ACTH above 20 ng/L with pituitary MRI lesion concordant with pituitary disease",
            "ACTH-dependent disease; Cushing disease is likely but imaging requires clinical-biochemical correlation. [24][22]",
            "Refer to a pituitary surgery center; reserve BIPSS for discordant or uncertain cases. [15][20]"
          ],
          [
            "ACTH-dependent disease with negative or equivocal MRI",
            "Pituitary microadenoma versus ectopic ACTH secretion. [14][22]",
            "Perform BIPSS with stimulation at an experienced center. [14][15]"
          ],
          [
            "No central ACTH gradient on BIPSS",
            "Ectopic ACTH secretion is favored. [14][15]",
            "Pursue localization and source-directed treatment of an ectopic ACTH-producing tumor. [4][6]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "definitive-treatment",
      "eyebrow": "First-line therapy",
      "heading": "Resect the corticotroph adenoma when surgery is feasible",
      "intro": "Definitive tumor removal is preferred because it addresses cortisol excess while preserving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Refer patients with localized Cushing disease for transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection as first-line treatment. The Endocrine Society recommends tumor removal as initial treatment for endogenous Cushing syndrome unless surgery is not possible or is unlikely to correct cortisol excess. [20]",
        "Set expectations using tumor size and surgical expertise. Initial surgical remission has been reported at 70% to 90% for pituitary microadenomas and 50% to 65% for macroadenomas; another review reported remission around 78%. [2][10]",
        "Assess postoperative cortisol to document remission and guide follow-up. Postoperative plasma cortisol predicts long-term outcome and has been used to determine which patients should receive pituitary irradiation after surgery. [16]",
        "Plan glucocorticoid replacement and subsequent withdrawal after curative treatment, because successful correction of endogenous hypercortisolism may be followed by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression. The treatment guideline specifically addresses replacement, discontinuation, and recovery of other pituitary hormonal deficits after therapy. [20][8]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Use an experienced pituitary neurosurgical team because complete tumor resection is the therapeutic goal and surgical outcomes vary by lesion characteristics and expertise. [11][1]",
        "Preoperative medical therapy may be used when immediate control of severe hypercortisolism is needed before surgery. [2][22]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Treatment sequencing for confirmed Cushing disease. [20][2][16]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical situation",
          "Preferred next step",
          "Key tradeoff"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Resectable, localized corticotroph adenoma",
            "Transsphenoidal adenoma resection. [20]",
            "Offers definitive tumor-directed therapy but recurrence can occur despite initial remission. [1][5]"
          ],
          [
            "Severe hypercortisolism requiring prompt control before surgery",
            "Use medical cortisol-lowering therapy as a bridge to definitive treatment. [2]",
            "Medical treatment controls cortisol but generally does not remove the adenoma. [2][20]"
          ],
          [
            "Persistent or recurrent disease after surgery",
            "Select repeat transsphenoidal surgery, radiotherapy/radiosurgery, medical therapy, or bilateral adrenalectomy based on localization, disease control needs, and candidacy. [20][2]",
            "Each option trades speed of cortisol control, durability, and risk of additional endocrine morbidity. [20][16]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "persistent-recurrent-disease",
      "eyebrow": "Salvage management",
      "heading": "Escalate persistent or recurrent disease with a source-directed multimodal plan",
      "intro": "Persistent hypercortisolism after surgery requires reassessment of source, operability, and urgency of biochemical control.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "After failed initial pituitary surgery, consider repeat surgery, pituitary radiotherapy or radiosurgery, medical therapy, or bilateral adrenalectomy. The selection depends on whether a surgically accessible residual or recurrent pituitary lesion is present, whether rapid cortisol reduction is needed, and whether prior radiotherapy has been delivered. [20][2]",
        "Recurrence is clinically meaningful even after apparent remission. Reported long-term recurrence estimates include approximately 25% at 10 years in an FDA review and a range of 5% to 50% within 10 years across surgical series. Continue biochemical surveillance rather than discharging patients after early postoperative remission. [1][5]",
        "Use medical treatment when surgery is unsuccessful, contraindicated, delayed, or insufficiently rapid for the severity of cortisol excess. The guideline includes medical therapy among second-line options, and FDA review material identifies adrenal-directed agents such as metyrapone, etomidate, and ketoconazole as off-label therapies historically used to reduce cortisol secretion. [20][2]",
        "Pasireotide has been used for patients in whom medical therapy is appropriate; an EMA dosing example cited a starting dose of 0.6 mg twice daily, reduced to 0.3 mg twice daily with moderate liver impairment. Do not extrapolate this non-U.S. dosing statement to U.S. prescribing without checking current FDA labeling and formulation-specific instructions. [1]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Consider bilateral adrenalectomy when other attempts to control ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism fail or when definitive, immediate elimination of adrenal cortisol production is required; this is a guideline-listed second-line option. [20]",
        "If using mifepristone, monitor clinically rather than by serum cortisol for treatment effect; FDA review material highlights mineralocorticoid excess with severe hypokalemia and endometrial hyperplasia or vaginal bleeding as notable adverse events. [1]",
        "Reassess residual pituitary disease before repeat transsphenoidal surgery, particularly when postoperative biochemical testing and MRI disagree. [16][20]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Options after noncurative pituitary surgery. [20][2][1]",
        "columns": [
          "Option",
          "When to consider",
          "Monitoring or limitation"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Repeat transsphenoidal surgery",
            "Persistent or recurrent disease with a targetable pituitary source. [20][2]",
            "Confirm biochemical persistence or recurrence and reassess pituitary anatomy before reoperation. [16]"
          ],
          [
            "Radiotherapy or radiosurgery",
            "Persistent disease when further surgery is unsuitable or incomplete. [20]",
            "Postoperative cortisol values may inform consideration of pituitary irradiation. [16]"
          ],
          [
            "Medical therapy",
            "Bridge to surgery, treatment of persistent/recurrent disease, or when surgery/radiation is unsuitable. [2][20]",
            "Agent selection requires adverse-effect and comorbidity-based monitoring; mifepristone can cause severe hypokalemia and endometrial effects. [1]"
          ],
          [
            "Bilateral adrenalectomy",
            "Second-line definitive adrenal cortisol control when other strategies fail or are unsuitable. [20]",
            "Eliminates adrenal cortisol production but requires subsequent adrenal hormone management. [20]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "follow-up",
      "eyebrow": "Long-term care",
      "heading": "Monitor for recurrence and recovery after biochemical remission",
      "intro": "Early remission does not eliminate the need for lifelong surveillance.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Follow patients after pituitary surgery with serial biochemical assessment for recurrent hypercortisolism, using tests that previously documented disease activity and accounting for possible cyclic secretion. Recurrence may occur years after surgery, with reported 10-year recurrence estimates ranging from 5% to 50%. [5][1][22]",
        "During postoperative recovery, assess for glucocorticoid requirement and recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis before discontinuing replacement. The treatment guideline includes specific recommendations on glucocorticoid replacement, discontinuation, and resolution of other hormonal deficiencies after treatment. [20]",
        "When symptoms recur but standard cortisol testing is intermittently normal, repeat late-night salivary cortisol and UFC collections during symptomatic periods before concluding that recurrence is absent. Cyclic Cushing syndrome can create spontaneous biochemical remissions and misleading single-time-point testing. [22][3][7]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Re-evaluate with pituitary MRI and ACTH-source testing if recurrent hypercortisolism is confirmed and the prior surgical target or current source is uncertain. [22][14]",
        "Use multidisciplinary management involving endocrinology, pituitary neurosurgery, neuroradiology, radiation oncology, and interventional radiology when BIPSS, repeat surgery, or radiation is being considered. [14][20]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Post-treatment surveillance decisions. [20][5][22]",
        "columns": [
          "Follow-up finding",
          "Interpretation",
          "Action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Postoperative cortisol supports remission",
            "Initial biochemical control; recurrence risk persists. [16][5]",
            "Continue longitudinal biochemical surveillance. [20][5]"
          ],
          [
            "Persistent hypercortisolism after surgery",
            "Noncurative surgery or persistent disease. [2][20]",
            "Reassess anatomy and select repeat surgery, radiation, medical therapy, or bilateral adrenalectomy. [20]"
          ],
          [
            "Recurrent phenotype with intermittently normal tests",
            "Consider cyclic recurrence. [3][7][22]",
            "Repeat late-night salivary cortisol and UFC during active periods before relocalization. [22][3]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
  "references": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "title": "200677Orig1s000 - accessdata.fda.gov",
      "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/200677Orig1s000MedR.pdf",
      "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "[PDF] 202107Orig1s000 - accessdata.fda.gov",
      "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/202107Orig1s000CrossR.pdf",
      "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Diagnostic challenges in cyclic Cushing's syndrome",
      "detail": "www.thelancet.com",
      "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(23)00150-X/abstract",
      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
      "host": "www.thelancet.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Cushing syndrome - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/205?locale=ja",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "Risk of recurrence after successful surgery for Cushing's ...",
      "detail": "www.thelancet.com",
      "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(25)00396-1/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
      "host": "www.thelancet.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "A clinical perspective on ectopic Cushing's syndrome",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/fulltext/S1043-2760(23)00248-5",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Annexin A1 as a diagnostic biomarker for cyclic Cushing ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(26)02285-6?uuid=uuid%3Ae6e216fc-3778-4ee0-8945-4f39f49c34dc",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Cushing syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-024-00588-w",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases | Nature Reviews Endocrinology",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-023-00949-7",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Treatment of Cushing's Disease | Endocrine Reviews",
      "detail": "academic.oup.com",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/36/4/385/2354703",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
      "host": "academic.oup.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Diagnosis and Complications of Cushing's Syndrome",
      "detail": "academic.oup.com",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/88/12/5593/2661449",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
      "host": "academic.oup.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Evaluation and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002934305001609",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Petrosal Sinus Sampling - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/petrosal-sinus-sampling",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Inferior petrosal sinus sampling and stimulation with CRH: 15 years of experience in a tertiary hospital - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2530018021000871",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inferior-petrosal-sinus-sampling",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Current management of Cushing's disease - Tritos - 2019",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12975",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Cushing Disease : Contemporary Neurosurgery",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/contempneurosurg/Fulltext/2015/06010/Cushing_Disease__A_Contemporary_Review.1.aspx?Ppt=Article%7Ccontempneurosurg%3A2015%3A06010%3A00001%7C10.1097%2F01.cne.0000473347.20843.c8%7C",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Cushing's Disease in Children : Neurology India",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2020/68001/cushing_s_disease_in_children__a_review.10.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Pituitary Adenoma : American Journal of Clinical Oncology",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/amjclinicaloncology/fulltext/2010/08000/pituitary_adenoma__a_radiotherapeutic_perspective.15.aspx?Ppt=Article%7Camjclinicaloncology%3A2010%3A08000%3A00015%7C10.1097%2Fcoc.0b013e31819d878d%7C",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com"
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome Guideline Resources | Endocrine Society",
      "detail": "www.endocrine.org",
      "url": "https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/treatment-of-cushing-syndrome",
      "authors": "www.endocrine.org",
      "host": "www.endocrine.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Cushing’s Syndrome and Cushing Disease | Endocrine Society",
      "detail": "www.endocrine.org",
      "url": "https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/cushings-syndrome-and-cushing-disease",
      "authors": "www.endocrine.org",
      "host": "www.endocrine.org"
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "An individualized approach to the management of Cushing disease - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37537306",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Desmopressin Stimulation Test in a Pregnant Patient with Cushing's ...",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9123553",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Florid Cushing’s Syndrome - Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279044",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
    }
  ],
  "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.",
  "citations": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "title": "200677Orig1s000 - accessdata.fda.gov",
      "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/200677Orig1s000MedR.pdf",
      "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "snippet": "and have failed surgery or are not candidates for surgery.”6 Notable adverse events include mineralocorticoid excess resulting in severe hypokalemia and endometrial hyperplasia/vaginal bleeding. In addition, there are drugs used off-label in patients for whom surgery is not curative. They are summar",
      "score": 0.6018984
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "title": "[PDF] 202107Orig1s000 - accessdata.fda.gov",
      "detail": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/202107Orig1s000CrossR.pdf",
      "authors": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "host": "www.accessdata.fda.gov",
      "snippet": "a significant proportion of patients is not cured by surgery. For instance, remission rates following initial surgery for Cushing’s disease due to microadenomas of the pituitary are between 70-90% and smaller (50-65%) if due to macroadenomas3. Patients who fail surgery have several therapeutic optio",
      "score": 0.5012457
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "title": "Diagnostic challenges in cyclic Cushing's syndrome",
      "detail": "www.thelancet.com",
      "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(23)00150-X/abstract",
      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
      "host": "www.thelancet.com",
      "snippet": "by E Nowak · 2023 · Cited by 49 — In adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent cyclic Cushing's syndrome, sampling had a positive (ie, true pituitary) predictive value of 100%",
      "score": 0.564027
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "title": "Cushing syndrome - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US",
      "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/205?locale=ja",
      "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "It may be difficult to distinguish patients with mild Cushing syndrome from those with metabolic syndrome (central obesity with insulin resistance and hypertension).\n\nAfter excluding exogenous corticosteroid use, patients with suspected Cushing syndrome should undergo biochemical testing (late-night",
      "score": 0.7407191
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "title": "Risk of recurrence after successful surgery for Cushing's ...",
      "detail": "www.thelancet.com",
      "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(25)00396-1/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.thelancet.com",
      "host": "www.thelancet.com",
      "snippet": "by Q Zhang · 2026 · Cited by 4 — Patients with Cushing's disease might reach biochemical remission after pituitary surgery, but 5–50% have recurrence within 10 years. Even",
      "score": 0.97565
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "title": "A clinical perspective on ectopic Cushing's syndrome",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/fulltext/S1043-2760(23)00248-5",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "by O Ragnarsson · 2024 · Cited by 89 — About 10–20% of individuals with CS have ectopic CS (ECS), that is, an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-producing tumour outside the pituitary gland.",
      "score": 0.44622982
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "title": "Annexin A1 as a diagnostic biomarker for cyclic Cushing ...",
      "detail": "www.cell.com",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(26)02285-6?uuid=uuid%3Ae6e216fc-3778-4ee0-8945-4f39f49c34dc",
      "authors": "www.cell.com",
      "host": "www.cell.com",
      "snippet": "The approach is initiated in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome (CS). If observed spontaneous remission, the patient should be suspected of having",
      "score": 0.39445806
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "title": "Cushing syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-024-00588-w",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com",
      "snippet": "# Cushing syndrome. Endogenous CS is caused by increased cortisol production by one or both adrenal glands (adrenal CS) or by elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from a pituitary tumour (Cushing disease (CD)) or non-pituitary tumour (ectopic ACTH secretion), which stimulates excess",
      "score": 0.6546525
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "title": "Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases | Nature Reviews Endocrinology",
      "detail": "www.nature.com",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-023-00949-7",
      "authors": "www.nature.com",
      "host": "www.nature.com",
      "snippet": "# Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases. Pituitary adenomas are rare in children and young people under the age of 19 (hereafter referred to as CYP) but they pose some different diagnostic and management cha",
      "score": 0.97889
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Treatment of Cushing's Disease | Endocrine Reviews",
      "detail": "academic.oup.com",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/36/4/385/2354703",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
      "host": "academic.oup.com",
      "snippet": "by R Pivonello · 2015 · Cited by 620 — The first-line treatment for CD is pituitary surgery, which is followed by disease remission in around 78% and relapse in around 13% of patients during the 10-",
      "score": 0.5249554
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Diagnosis and Complications of Cushing's Syndrome",
      "detail": "academic.oup.com",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/88/12/5593/2661449",
      "authors": "academic.oup.com",
      "host": "academic.oup.com",
      "snippet": "by G Arnaldi · 2003 · Cited by 1830 — The goal of the treatment is the complete resection of the pituitary adenoma with correction of hypercortisolism without inducing permanent pituitary",
      "score": 0.4286405
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Evaluation and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002934305001609",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Title: Evaluation and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome - ScienceDirect\nCushing’s syndrome results from sustained pathologic hypercortisolism caused by excessive corticotropin (ACTH) secretion by tumors in the pituitary gland (Cushing’s disease, 70%) or elsewhere (15%), or by ACTH-independent cortisol",
      "score": 0.77055156
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Petrosal Sinus Sampling - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/petrosal-sinus-sampling",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "In patients with elevated cortisol and suspected Cushing's syndrome, a 24-hour urinary free cortisol of more than 400 μg/day in a patient is diagnostic 8; these patients will also have an elevated midnight plasma cortisol, which under normal physiological conditions is at low levels.9 The low-dose d",
      "score": 0.7434107
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "Inferior petrosal sinus sampling and stimulation with CRH: 15 years of experience in a tertiary hospital - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2530018021000871",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Title: Inferior petrosal sinus sampling and stimulation with CRH: 15 years of experience in a tertiary hospital - ScienceDirect\nInferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is indicated in the diagnosis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS), especially when the results o",
      "score": 0.7206637
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling - an overview",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inferior-petrosal-sinus-sampling",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "It is an invasive approach that should be reserved for experienced centres, and only in specific situations: if a patient has responses both on dexamethasone suppression and CRH testing, and a typical lesion of 6 mm or more at the pituitary MRI scan, it is reasonable to consider the diagnosis of Cus",
      "score": 0.6780931
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Current management of Cushing's disease - Tritos - 2019",
      "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12975",
      "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",
      "snippet": "To identify pertinent articles from the primary literature, electronic searches were conducted using the keywords ‘Cushing's syndrome’, ‘Cushing's disease’, ‘treatment’, ‘transsphenoidal pituitary surgery’, ‘radiation therapy’, ‘medical therapy’, ‘bilateral adrenalectomy’. Outcomes of pituitary surg",
      "score": 0.66464967
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "Cushing Disease : Contemporary Neurosurgery",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/contempneurosurg/Fulltext/2015/06010/Cushing_Disease__A_Contemporary_Review.1.aspx?Ppt=Article%7Ccontempneurosurg%3A2015%3A06010%3A00001%7C10.1097%2F01.cne.0000473347.20843.c8%7C",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "Endogenous Cushing syndrome can be adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent or independent. ACTH-dependent cases are usually caused by a pituitary adenoma (",
      "score": 0.98501
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Cushing's Disease in Children : Neurology India",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2020/68001/cushing_s_disease_in_children__a_review.10.aspx",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "by S Nayak · 2020 · Cited by 15 — ACTH-dependent CS in the paediatric age group is most often due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary corticotrophic adenoma and is referred to as Cushing's disease (",
      "score": 0.97735
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "Pituitary Adenoma : American Journal of Clinical Oncology",
      "detail": "journals.lww.com",
      "url": "https://journals.lww.com/amjclinicaloncology/fulltext/2010/08000/pituitary_adenoma__a_radiotherapeutic_perspective.15.aspx?Ppt=Article%7Camjclinicaloncology%3A2010%3A08000%3A00015%7C10.1097%2Fcoc.0b013e31819d878d%7C",
      "authors": "journals.lww.com",
      "host": "journals.lww.com",
      "snippet": "by CS Platta · 2010 · Cited by 31 — This review will discuss the biology of pituitary adenomas and the current management principles for the treatment of prolactinomas, Cushing disease, acromegaly",
      "score": 0.97039
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome Guideline Resources | Endocrine Society",
      "detail": "www.endocrine.org",
      "url": "https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/treatment-of-cushing-syndrome",
      "authors": "www.endocrine.org",
      "host": "www.endocrine.org",
      "snippet": "### Essential Points\n\nThe Endocrine Society recommends that the first-line treatment for endogenous Cushing’s syndrome be the removal of the tumor unless surgery is not possible or unlikely to address the excess cortisol. Surgical removal of the tumor is optimal because it leaves intact the hypothal",
      "score": 0.55565286
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "Cushing’s Syndrome and Cushing Disease | Endocrine Society",
      "detail": "www.endocrine.org",
      "url": "https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/cushings-syndrome-and-cushing-disease",
      "authors": "www.endocrine.org",
      "host": "www.endocrine.org",
      "snippet": "Cushing Disease: Cushing disease is a form of Cushing syndrome. Cushing disease occurs when a benign tumor in the pituitary gland causes the pituitary gland to produce too much ACTH, the hormone responsible for cortisol production. Too much ACTH in the body causes the adrenal glands to produce corti",
      "score": 0.5513086
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "An individualized approach to the management of Cushing disease - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37537306",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "An official website of the United States government. **The .gov means it’s official.**. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal. The ** ensures that you are connecting to the. official website and that any information you pr",
      "score": 0.7522497
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Desmopressin Stimulation Test in a Pregnant Patient with Cushing's ...",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9123553",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "**Key words:** Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, desmopressin stimulation test, pregnancy **Abbreviations:** ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CD, Cushing's disease; CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; CS, Cushing's syndrome; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MRI, magnetic resonance imagi",
      "score": 0.67988104
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Florid Cushing’s Syndrome - Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279044",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "### Table 6 Tests Used For The Establishment Of Hypercortisolemia\n\nView in own window\n\n|  |  |  |\n --- \n|  |  | Normal |\n| 24-hr UFC | free cortisol/ creatinine measurement | 3 normal collections |\n| ODST | 1mg dexamethasone midnight | <50nmol/L(<1.8μg/dL) 9:00  next morning |\n| LDDST | 0.5mg dexame",
      "score": 0.6461259
    }
  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T02:28:11.193233+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T02:28:11.193233+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 6,
  "slug": "cushing-disease"
}