{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Infectious Diseases", "title": "COVID-19 Vaccine", "summary": "Use the current-season COVID-19 vaccine to restore protection against circulating SARS-CoV-2, then prioritize a second dose for adults 65 years or older and people with moderate or severe immunocompromise at 6 months, with individualized additional dosing for immunocompromised patients.", "seoDescription": "Physician guide to COVID-19 vaccine selection, high-risk repeat-dose timing, contraindications, and evaluation of post-vaccination myocarditis.", "clinicalQuestion": "Which patients need repeat current-season COVID-19 vaccination, and how should clinicians manage major safety precautions?", "specialty": "Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "COVID-19 vaccine", "SARS-CoV-2 vaccination", "COVID-19 booster", "immunocompromised vaccination", "vaccine myocarditis" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Adults aged 65 years or older should receive a second 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine dose 6 months after the first, with a minimum interval of 2 months. [18][20]", "People aged 6 months to 64 years with moderate or severe immunocompromise should receive a second 2024-2025 dose at 6 months and may receive additional doses at intervals of at least 2 months through shared clinical decision-making. [18][20]", "Do not administer a vaccine to a patient with prior severe allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis, to a component of that vaccine; ensure treatment for acute anaphylaxis is immediately available at every vaccination encounter. [1][4]", "Evaluate chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations arising during the first week after an mRNA vaccine promptly for myocarditis or pericarditis, particularly in males aged 12 through 24 years. [4]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "who-needs-repeat-dosing", "eyebrow": "Dose prioritization", "heading": "Identify patients who need another current-season dose", "intro": "Base repeat-dose decisions on age and immunocompromise rather than remote primary-series status.", "paragraphs": [ "For adults aged 65 years or older, schedule a second 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine dose 6 months after the first current-season dose; a minimum interval of 2 months is permitted. This recommendation reflects the higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes in older adults and year-round SARS-CoV-2 circulation. [18][20]", "For patients aged 6 months through 64 years with moderate or severe immunocompromise, recommend a second 2024-2025 dose 6 months after the first dose, with a minimum interval of 2 months. If ongoing immune impairment or clinical risk warrants further protection, additional current-season doses may be given under shared clinical decision-making, separated by at least 2 months. [18][20]", "At each preventive visit, document the date and product of the most recent current-season dose, identify age 65 years or older or moderate/severe immunocompromise, and place a future order or recall for the 6-month dose. Do not use post-vaccination antibody results to determine whether a patient is protected or requires vaccination; serology characterizes antibody responses but does not establish a clinical protection threshold for individual decision-making. [10][12]" ], "bullets": [ "Age 65 years or older: second current-season dose at 6 months; minimum 2 months. [18][20]", "Moderate or severe immunocompromise, age 6 months through 64 years: second current-season dose at 6 months; minimum 2 months. [18][20]", "Moderate or severe immunocompromise, age 6 months or older: consider third or subsequent current-season doses through shared clinical decision-making, at intervals of at least 2 months. [18][20]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Current-season repeat-dose decisions for populations specifically addressed by ACIP. [20]", "columns": [ "Patient group", "Recommended next action", "Interval" ], "rows": [ [ "Adults aged 65 years or older", "Give a second 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine dose. [20]", "6 months after first current-season dose; minimum 2 months. [20]" ], [ "Age 6 months through 64 years with moderate or severe immunocompromise", "Give a second 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine dose. [20]", "6 months after first current-season dose; minimum 2 months. [20]" ], [ "Age 6 months or older with moderate or severe immunocompromise who may benefit from further doses", "Offer additional doses through shared clinical decision-making. [20]", "At least 2 months after the preceding dose. [20]" ] ] } }, { "id": "product-and-administration-safety", "eyebrow": "Administration", "heading": "Screen for contraindications and prepare for immediate reactions", "intro": "The pre-vaccination screen should identify true product contraindications and ensure readiness to treat anaphylaxis.", "paragraphs": [ "Before administering an mRNA vaccine, ask specifically about anaphylaxis after a prior Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine dose or after exposure to a component of the intended product. A known severe allergic reaction to a product component is a contraindication to COMIRNATY; Moderna labeling likewise contraindicates use after severe allergic reaction to a Moderna vaccine component. [1][4]", "Vaccinate only in a setting with immediate access to personnel, equipment, and medications capable of managing an acute anaphylactic reaction. This is a product-label requirement rather than an optional precaution. [1][4]", "Administer COMIRNATY intramuscularly according to its current FDA-approved age- and risk-based indication. The 2025 labeling describes approval for persons aged 65 years or older and for persons aged 5 through 64 years with at least one condition placing them at high risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes. [4]" ], "bullets": [ "Record the exact prior reaction, timing, implicated vaccine, and suspected excipient before designating a patient vaccine-allergic. A history of severe allergic reaction to a vaccine component is the relevant contraindication. [1][4]", "Have acute-allergy treatment immediately available before injection. [1][4]", "Use intramuscular administration for COMIRNATY and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine products. [1][4]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Pre-administration decisions for mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. [1][4]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Interpretation", "Action" ], "rows": [ [ "Known anaphylaxis to a component of the intended product", "Contraindication to that product. [1][4]", "Do not administer that product; select an alternative only after product-specific review. [1][4]" ], [ "No product-component contraindication", "Vaccination may proceed if otherwise indicated. [4]", "Administer intramuscularly with immediate anaphylaxis-management capability available. [1][4]" ], [ "Prior adverse event not documented as severe allergy to a product component", "Requires event-specific clinical assessment rather than automatic classification as anaphylaxis. [4]", "Clarify syndrome, timing, treatment, and product before deciding on subsequent vaccination." ] ] } }, { "id": "myocarditis-and-pericarditis", "eyebrow": "Safety triage", "heading": "Recognize and evaluate post-vaccination myocarditis or pericarditis", "intro": "New cardiopulmonary symptoms shortly after mRNA vaccination warrant a focused cardiac evaluation.", "paragraphs": [ "Postmarketing analyses have identified increased myocarditis and pericarditis risk after mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Symptom onset is typically within the first week after vaccination, and the observed risk is highest among males aged 12 through 24 years. [4] Population data also found increased myocarditis risk during the 1-to-28-day period after certain vaccine doses and after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, supporting direct assessment of both recent vaccination and recent infection in the history. [14]", "For chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, presyncope, or syncope within a week of vaccination, obtain an ECG and cardiac troponin promptly and assess for alternative acute cardiopulmonary diagnoses. Escalate patients with abnormal ECG findings, elevated troponin, ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmia, hemodynamic instability, or persistent symptoms for urgent cardiology-directed evaluation.", "Do not dismiss post-vaccination chest pain as a routine systemic adverse effect. The decision point is objective evidence of myocardial injury or electrical/functional cardiac abnormality, not the temporal association alone. Document vaccine product, dose number, injection date, symptom onset, SARS-CoV-2 testing history, ECG, troponin trend, echocardiography findings when obtained, and disposition." ], "bullets": [ "Highest-alert presentation: male aged 12 through 24 years with chest pain in the first week after an mRNA vaccine. [4]", "Immediate tests: ECG and cardiac troponin; add evaluation for competing causes based on presentation.", "Urgent escalation triggers: elevated troponin, ECG abnormality, arrhythmia, ventricular dysfunction, hemodynamic instability, or ongoing chest pain." ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Differentiate urgent syndromes after vaccination", "paragraphs": [ "Acute anaphylaxis generally requires immediate emergency treatment at the vaccination site, whereas myocarditis or pericarditis typically presents after leaving the site and is signaled by chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations. The temporal window and syndrome-specific findings should determine disposition: treat anaphylaxis immediately, and pursue cardiac testing for delayed cardiopulmonary symptoms. [1][4]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Symptom-triggered response after COVID-19 vaccination. [1][4]", "columns": [ "Clinical pattern", "Key discriminator", "Next step" ], "rows": [ [ "Immediate allergic reaction", "Acute reaction after vaccination; severe allergy is a labeled contraindication to repeat use of the implicated product. [1][4]", "Initiate emergency management with immediately available anaphylaxis treatment. [1][4]" ], [ "Chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations after mRNA vaccination", "Myocarditis/pericarditis onset is typically within the first week; risk is highest in males aged 12 through 24 years. [4]", "Obtain ECG and troponin promptly; escalate abnormal or unstable cases." ], [ "Cardiopulmonary symptoms with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection", "SARS-CoV-2 infection itself is associated with increased myocarditis risk in the 1-to-28-day period after a positive test. [14]", "Evaluate infection-related and noninfectious cardiac causes concurrently." ] ] } }, { "id": "prior-infection-and-serology", "eyebrow": "Clinical interpretation", "heading": "Do not use prior infection or serology as a substitute for vaccination planning", "intro": "Prior infection improves immune responses but does not replace schedule-based prevention in high-risk patients.", "paragraphs": [ "Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection enhances subsequent vaccine-associated B-cell and T-cell responses, and vaccination after infection has been associated with sustained protection beyond 1 year in observational data. [8][9] These immune-response findings support the concept of hybrid immunity but should not be used to defer the recommended second current-season dose in older adults or moderately/severely immunocompromised patients. [20]", "Use nucleic acid amplification testing or other direct viral testing, rather than serology, when the clinical question is acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. RT-PCR detects viral nucleic acid and is described as the diagnostic gold standard for COVID-19; antibody assays instead characterize past exposure or immune response. [12]", "Anti-nucleocapsid antibody positivity can suggest prior infection in research settings, while spike-directed antibodies may reflect vaccination or infection. Neither result establishes an individual protective threshold, determines the need for repeat current-season vaccination, or rules out acute infection. [10][11][12]" ], "bullets": [ "Suspected acute COVID-19: order direct viral testing, not serology. [12]", "Prior infection: record date and clinical severity, but continue age- and immune-status–based vaccine planning. [8][9][20]", "Positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay: interpret as evidence of immune exposure, not as a vaccine-dosing endpoint. [10][12]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Testing choice when recent infection and vaccination history complicate decision-making. [10][12]", "columns": [ "Clinical question", "Preferred test or data", "Interpretation for action" ], "rows": [ [ "Is the patient currently infected?", "RT-PCR or another direct viral test. [12]", "Serology does not diagnose acute infection. [12]" ], [ "Has the patient had immune exposure?", "SARS-CoV-2 serology may characterize antibody response. [10][12]", "Do not use antibody status as a validated individual threshold for vaccine scheduling. [10][12]" ], [ "When is the next current-season dose due?", "Documented vaccine dates, age, and immunocompromise status. [20]", "Schedule the 6-month second dose for adults aged 65 years or older and eligible immunocompromised patients. [20]" ] ] } }, { "id": "clinic-workflow", "eyebrow": "Implementation", "heading": "Operationalize vaccination during routine and specialty care", "intro": "A structured pre-visit workflow reduces missed repeat doses in patients at greatest risk.", "paragraphs": [ "Build an electronic health record prompt that fires when an adult reaches age 65 years or when a patient is coded as moderately or severely immunocompromised and the first 2024-2025 dose was administered approximately 6 months earlier. Include the 2-month minimum interval in order-set logic to prevent invalid early administration while permitting earlier dosing when clinically necessary. [20]", "At specialty visits for immune-mediated disease, transplantation, hematologic malignancy, advanced HIV, or immunosuppressive therapy, reconcile vaccine records before changing immunosuppression or discharging the patient from follow-up. If the patient is moderately or severely immunocompromised, document whether an additional dose beyond the second current-season dose is being offered through shared clinical decision-making and record the rationale. [18][20]", "After every vaccination encounter, capture product, lot, date, dose number, injection route, prior vaccine reaction history, and any acute event. For clinically significant suspected adverse events, document the diagnostic evaluation and report through applicable vaccine safety reporting processes as required by the product's adverse-event reporting instructions. [2][3]" ], "bullets": [ "Medication or specialty diagnosis list identifies potential immunocompromise; clinician assessment determines whether it is moderate or severe enough to use the repeat-dose pathway. [20]", "Use documented vaccination dates rather than antibody titers to drive recall. [10][12][20]", "Link post-vaccination chest-pain calls to an ECG-and-troponin evaluation pathway rather than routine reassurance. [4]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "High-yield documentation elements for COVID-19 vaccine encounters.", "columns": [ "Workflow step", "Required clinical data", "Action enabled" ], "rows": [ [ "Pre-visit review", "Age, immune status, date of first current-season dose. [20]", "Identify 6-month repeat-dose eligibility. [20]" ], [ "Safety screen", "Prior severe allergic reaction to vaccine component or prior dose. [1][4]", "Avoid a contraindicated product and prepare for acute reaction management. [1][4]" ], [ "Post-vaccination symptom call", "Chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, timing from vaccination, infection history. [4][14]", "Trigger urgent ECG and troponin-based cardiac assessment." ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Health Care Provider Fact ...", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/144637/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the Moderna ...", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/157232/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov" }, { "number": 3, "title": "Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Fact Sheet for Healthcare ...", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/146304/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Package Insert and Patient Package Insert - COMIRNATY", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/151707/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Scientific and Ethical Principles Underlying ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2772326", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 6, "title": "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for US Adults Aged 60 ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2833776", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "Determinants of early antibody responses to COVID-19 ...", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(21)00599-5/fulltext?s%5Cx3d09=", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "B and T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in health ...", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(21)00332-7/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination ...", "detail": "www.nejm.org", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2118691", "authors": "www.nejm.org", "host": "www.nejm.org" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Serology assays to manage COVID-19", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc1227", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org" }, { "number": 11, "title": "SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 variant is neutralized by vaccine booster–elicited serum but evades most convalescent serum and therapeutic antibodies", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn8543", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Multiplexed, quantitative serological profiling of COVID-19 from blood by a point-of-care test", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abg4901", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Longitudinal antibody titers measured after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination can identify individuals at risk for subsequent infection", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adv4214", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org" }, { "number": 14, "title": "Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection | Nature Medicine", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "Serious adverse drug reactions associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their reporting trends in the EudraVigilance database | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-03428-3", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 16, "title": "Incidence and management of the main serious adverse ...", "detail": "bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prp2.1224", "authors": "bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com" }, { "number": 17, "title": "October 2024 ACIP Meeting Update: Influenza, COVID-19, RSV, and Other Vaccines | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/155/4/e2024069926/200671/October-2024-ACIP-Meeting-Update-Influenza-COVID", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org" }, { "number": 18, "title": "CDC Recommends Second Dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine for People 65 Years and Older and for People Who are Moderately or Severely Immunocompromised | CDC Newsroom", "detail": "cdc.gov", "url": "https://cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s1023-covid-19-vaccine.html", "authors": "cdc.gov", "host": "cdc.gov" }, { "number": 19, "title": "Evidence to Recommendations Frameworks | ACIP | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/acip/evidence-to-recommendations", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov" }, { "number": 20, "title": "Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Evidence to Recommendations (EtR) for Use of Additional Doses of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccines in Older Adults and People who are Moderately or Severely Immunocompromised | ACIP | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/acip/evidence-to-recommendations/covid-19-2024-2025-additional-dose.html", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov" }, { "number": 21, "title": "CDC Updates Vaccine Recommendations | NCIRD | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/ncird/whats-new/cdc-updates-vaccine-recommendations.html", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov" }, { "number": 22, "title": "A PHASE 2/3 PROTOCOL TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, ...", "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/90/NCT05997290/Prot_000.pdf", "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov" }, { "number": 23, "title": "Keeping Vaccine Recommendations Evidence-Based and ...", "detail": "journal.chestnet.org", "url": "https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(25)05797-6/fulltext", "authors": "journal.chestnet.org", "host": "journal.chestnet.org" }, { "number": 24, "title": "STUDY PROTOCOL", "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/61/NCT06614361/Prot_SAP_000.pdf", "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Health Care Provider Fact ...", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/144637/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov", "snippet": "intramuscularly. CONTRAINDICATION Do not administer the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine to individuals with a known history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (see Full EUA Prescribing Information). WARNINGS Management of Acute Allergic Reacti", "score": 0.68874115 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the Moderna ...", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/157232/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov", "snippet": "FULL EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) PRESCRIBING INFORMATION MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE FULL EUA PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS 1 AUTHORIZED USE 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Preparation for Administration 2.2 Administration 2.3 Dosing and Schedule 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS 4 CONTRAINDICATIO", "score": 0.6836946 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Fact Sheet for Healthcare ...", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/146304/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov", "snippet": "11 FULL EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) PRESCRIBING INFORMATION JANSSEN COVID-19 VACCINE FULL EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS WARNING: THROMBOSIS WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA SYNDROME (TTS) 1 AUTHORIZED USE 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Preparation for Administration", "score": 0.62934244 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Package Insert and Patient Package Insert - COMIRNATY", "detail": "www.fda.gov", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/151707/download", "authors": "www.fda.gov", "host": "www.fda.gov", "snippet": "of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of COMIRNATY [see Description (11)] or to individuals who had a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) following a previous dose of a Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS 5.1 Management of Acute Allergic", "score": 0.60358196 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Scientific and Ethical Principles Underlying ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2772326", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by BP Bell · 2020 · Cited by 59 — This Viewpoint summarizes the principles guiding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine recommendations made by the Advisory Committee", "score": 0.2225062 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for US Adults Aged 60 ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2833776", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by SE Fry · 2025 · Cited by 70 — This case-control study assesses the safety and effectiveness of vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the major adverse", "score": 0.18719247 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Determinants of early antibody responses to COVID-19 ...", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(21)00599-5/fulltext?s%5Cx3d09=", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "by G Moncunill · 2022 · Cited by 82 — Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody levels affect vaccine responses. When comparing responses between HCW who had the infection more than 11 months vs", "score": 0.37209493 }, { "number": 8, "title": "B and T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in health ...", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(21)00332-7/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "by A Zollner · 2021 · Cited by 94 — Prior COVID-19 resulted in improved vaccine responses both in the B and T cell compartment. T cell responses were stronger in convalescents and particularly", "score": 0.25106928 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination ...", "detail": "www.nejm.org", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2118691", "authors": "www.nejm.org", "host": "www.nejm.org", "snippet": "by V Hall · 2022 · Cited by 852 — Infection-acquired immunity boosted with vaccination remained high more than 1 year after infection. (Funded by the U.K. Health Security Agency", "score": 0.21937971 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Serology assays to manage COVID-19", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc1227", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org", "snippet": "by F Krammer · 2020 · Cited by 387 — An important application of serological tests is to understand the antibody responses mounted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.", "score": 0.46424627 }, { "number": 11, "title": "SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 variant is neutralized by vaccine booster–elicited serum but evades most convalescent serum and therapeutic antibodies", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn8543", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org", "snippet": "individual. Demographic information is provided in Table 1. (B) NT 50 values are shown by sex after second or third vaccinations. (C) NT 50 values are shown by age after second and third vaccinations. (D) NT 50 values are shown after second or third vaccination according to anti-N (nucleocapsid prot", "score": 0.40042162 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Multiplexed, quantitative serological profiling of COVID-19 from blood by a point-of-care test", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abg4901", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org", "snippet": "To address the challenge of creating a user-friendly and widely deployable assay that can detect prior exposure to and immunological response against SARS-CoV-2, we developed a new multiplexed portable COVID-19 serological assay that is described herein. Our passive microfluidic platform provides se", "score": 0.36093998 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Longitudinal antibody titers measured after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination can identify individuals at risk for subsequent infection", "detail": "www.science.org", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adv4214", "authors": "www.science.org", "host": "www.science.org", "snippet": "Crossref\n\nPubMed\n\nWeb of Science\n\nGoogle Scholar\n\n49\n\nK. A. Holder, D. P. Ings, D. O. A. Harnum, R. S. Russell, M. D. Grant, Moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection primes vaccine-induced immunity more effectively than asymptomatic or mild infection. _NPJ Vaccines_7, 122 (2022).\n\nCrossref\n\nPubMed\n\nW", "score": 0.32408613 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection | Nature Medicine", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Although myocarditis and pericarditis were not observed as adverse events in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine trials, there have been numerous reports of suspected cases following vaccination in the general population. We undertook a self-controlled case series study of people aged 16 or ", "score": 0.4184836 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Serious adverse drug reactions associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their reporting trends in the EudraVigilance database | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-03428-3", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Article \n CAS \n PubMed \n PubMed Central \n Google Scholar\n39. Sobczak, M. & Pawliczak, R. The risk of anaphylaxis behind authorized COVID-19 vaccines: A meta-analysis. Clin. Mol. Allergy 20, 1–9 (2022).\n\n Article \n CAS \n PubMed \n PubMed Central \n Google Scholar\n40. Gee, J. ", "score": 0.36357963 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Incidence and management of the main serious adverse ...", "detail": "bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prp2.1224", "authors": "bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by T Padilla‐Flores · 2024 · Cited by 24 — This review focuses on the main adverse effects observed after vaccination, including anaphylaxis, myocarditis, vaccine-induced thrombotic ...Read more", "score": 0.3943881 }, { "number": 17, "title": "October 2024 ACIP Meeting Update: Influenza, COVID-19, RSV, and Other Vaccines | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics", "detail": "publications.aap.org", "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/155/4/e2024069926/200671/October-2024-ACIP-Meeting-Update-Influenza-COVID", "authors": "publications.aap.org", "host": "publications.aap.org", "snippet": "The work group (WG) presented data on the efficacy of fewer doses of HPV and noted that in 2022, the World Health Organization made a recommendation for a 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule for those aged 9 years or older and, as an off-label option, a single-dose schedule for those aged 9 to 20 years. The", "score": 0.8974172 }, { "number": 18, "title": "CDC Recommends Second Dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine for People 65 Years and Older and for People Who are Moderately or Severely Immunocompromised | CDC Newsroom", "detail": "cdc.gov", "url": "https://cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s1023-covid-19-vaccine.html", "authors": "cdc.gov", "host": "cdc.gov", "snippet": "Title: CDC Recommends Second Dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine for People 65 Years and Older and for People Who are Moderately or Severely Immunocompromised | CDC Newsroom\n# CDC Recommends Second Dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine for People 65 Years and Older and for People Who are Moderately or S", "score": 0.88705814 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Evidence to Recommendations Frameworks | ACIP | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/acip/evidence-to-recommendations", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov", "snippet": "Title: Evidence to Recommendations Frameworks | ACIP | CDC\nThe following is an index of the Evidence to Recommendations (EtR) frameworks that accompany ACIP recommendations. The purpose of the EtR framework is to describe information for consideration in making recommendations move from evidence to ", "score": 0.8706085 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Evidence to Recommendations (EtR) for Use of Additional Doses of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccines in Older Adults and People who are Moderately or Severely Immunocompromised | ACIP | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/acip/evidence-to-recommendations/covid-19-2024-2025-additional-dose.html", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov", "snippet": "On October 23, 2024, ACIP voted that, in addition to previously recommended 2024–2025 vaccination, all adults aged ≥65 years and people aged 6 months–64 years who are moderately or severely immunocompromised are recommended to receive a second dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine (recommended interval", "score": 0.8679453 }, { "number": 21, "title": "CDC Updates Vaccine Recommendations | NCIRD | CDC", "detail": "www.cdc.gov", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/ncird/whats-new/cdc-updates-vaccine-recommendations.html", "authors": "www.cdc.gov", "host": "www.cdc.gov", "snippet": "Title: CDC Updates Vaccine Recommendations | NCIRD | CDC\n* At its meeting on October 23-24, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed vaccine, disease, and cost-effectiveness data and voted to update vaccine recommendations for COVID-19 and pneumococcal disease. * CDC now reco", "score": 0.85624856 }, { "number": 22, "title": "A PHASE 2/3 PROTOCOL TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, ...", "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/90/NCT05997290/Prot_000.pdf", "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "snippet": "27 EMA. EMA confirms its recommendation to update the antigenic composition of authorized COVID-19 vaccines for 2024-2025. Available from: Published: 19 July 2024. Accessed: 29 July 2024.\n28 FDA. Updated COVID-19 vaccines for use in the United States beginning in fall 2024. Available from: Publish", "score": 0.6742441 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Keeping Vaccine Recommendations Evidence-Based and ...", "detail": "journal.chestnet.org", "url": "https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(25)05797-6/fulltext", "authors": "journal.chestnet.org", "host": "journal.chestnet.org", "snippet": "Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and randomized clinical trials. Rev Med Virol. 2024; 34(1), e2507.", "score": 0.6641271 }, { "number": 24, "title": "STUDY PROTOCOL", "detail": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/61/NCT06614361/Prot_SAP_000.pdf", "authors": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "host": "cdn.clinicaltrials.gov", "snippet": "in their lifetime, confirmed with documentary evidence (CDC vaccine card, My Vaccine Record, MyChart) 6. not up-to-date on COVID-19 vaccination, defined as has not received the most recently available vaccine, confirmed with documentary evidence. a. As of October 3, 2024 the most recent vaccine is t", "score": 0.5820878 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-21T02:32:36.937582+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-21T02:32:36.937582+00:00", "readingMinutes": 6, "slug": "covid-19-vaccine" }