{
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "eyebrow": "Emergency Toxicology",
  "title": "Cocaine Toxicity",
  "summary": "Manage cocaine toxicity by treating agitation, hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiovascular instability immediately while evaluating chest pain and focal neurologic deficits for acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, and stroke. Observation is appropriate only after recurrent symptoms and acute ischemia have been excluded.",
  "seoDescription": "Point-of-care approach to cocaine toxicity: stabilization, evaluation of chest pain and neurologic deficits, complications, monitoring, and disposition.",
  "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians stabilize, evaluate, monitor, and disposition patients with suspected acute cocaine toxicity?",
  "specialty": "Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology",
  "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees",
  "tags": [
    "cocaine toxicity",
    "cocaine-associated chest pain",
    "sympathomimetic toxicity",
    "acute coronary syndrome",
    "hyperthermia",
    "stroke",
    "rhabdomyolysis"
  ],
  "keyTakeaways": [
    "Treat severe agitation, hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiovascular instability as time-critical manifestations of sympathomimetic toxicity; severe agitation and hyperthermia also identify patients at risk for rhabdomyolysis. [17]",
    "Cocaine-associated chest pain requires acute coronary syndrome evaluation; a brief observation strategy applies only when recurrent symptoms and evidence of acute ischemia are absent. [2]",
    "Do not attribute chest pain solely to coronary vasoconstriction: cocaine has been associated with aortic dissection and rupture. [15]",
    "Acute focal neurologic findings require standard urgent stroke evaluation; cocaine-associated stroke is linked with higher odds of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, mortality, vasospasm, and seizures. [20]",
    "Beta-blocker use in cocaine-associated chest pain remains controversial despite a meta-analysis finding no association with in-hospital or longer-term myocardial infarction, myocardial necrosis, or death. [17]"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "initial-stabilization",
      "eyebrow": "Immediate Actions",
      "heading": "Stabilize the toxic syndrome before diagnostic closure",
      "intro": "Escalate care according to physiologic instability rather than the reported route or amount of cocaine exposure.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Use continuous clinical reassessment and ECG-based monitoring in patients with significant toxicity, particularly when there is altered mental status, chest pain, marked autonomic activation, seizure, or suspected dysrhythmia. Toxicity monitoring described in arrhythmia guidance includes serial history and examination, ECG, and chest radiography when clinically indicated. [5]",
        "Prioritize control of severe agitation and prevention or treatment of hyperthermia. In stimulant intoxication, rhabdomyolysis most often follows severe agitation and hyperthermia; obtain serum creatine phosphokinase when either is present, follow renal function, and replace fluids to target urine output greater than 2 mL/kg/h. Avoid urinary alkalinization in this setting because it inhibits amphetamine elimination; management should instead focus on fluids and control of agitation and hyperthermia. [17]",
        "Treat seizures and persistent movement disorders as complications requiring ongoing renal surveillance. The ASAM/AAAP guideline specifically advises routine and repeated renal-function screening in stimulant-intoxicated patients with seizures or movement disorders. [17]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Obtain serum creatine phosphokinase when severe agitation or hyperthermia raises concern for rhabdomyolysis. [17]",
        "Follow renal function and use fluid replacement to maintain urine output above 2 mL/kg/h when rhabdomyolysis is present. [17]",
        "Escalate immediately for hyperthermia, seizure, dysrhythmia, hemodynamic instability, or deteriorating mental status; these presentations require management beyond an uncomplicated chest-pain observation pathway. [1][17]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "",
        "columns": [],
        "rows": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "chest-pain-and-cardiovascular-branch",
      "eyebrow": "Cardiovascular Emergencies",
      "heading": "Evaluate cocaine-associated chest pain as possible acute coronary syndrome or aortic catastrophe",
      "intro": "Recent cocaine use changes the differential but does not remove standard ischemic and structural emergency pathways.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Obtain an ECG promptly and evaluate for acute coronary syndrome in every patient with cocaine-associated chest pain. ECG abnormalities have been reported in 56% to 84% of patients with cocaine-associated chest pain, and left ventricular hypertrophy can obscure regional ischemic changes; therefore, an abnormal ECG alone does not establish the mechanism of pain, while ischemic changes should trigger an ACS pathway. [4]",
        "Use serial symptom assessment and evaluation for myocardial ischemia when determining disposition. In the NEJM observation study, patients with cocaine-associated chest pain still required evaluation for acute coronary syndromes; the brief observation strategy was limited to patients without recurrent symptoms or evidence of acute ischemia. [2]",
        "Maintain a separate aortic-dissection branch for abrupt severe pain, pulse or neurologic asymmetry, a new diastolic murmur, mediastinal abnormality, or shock. Cocaine-associated aortic dissection and rupture have been reported; do not initiate an MI-only pathway until dissection is reasonably excluded when clinical features suggest acute aortic syndrome. [15]"
      ],
      "bullets": [],
      "subsections": [
        {
          "heading": "Beta-blockers in acute cocaine-associated chest pain",
          "paragraphs": [
            "Do not treat beta-blocker selection as settled. A systematic review and meta-analysis cited by the ASAM/AAAP guideline found no association between beta-blocker use and adverse events, including myocardial infarction, myocardial necrosis, or death during hospitalization or long-term follow-up, but the guideline identifies this as an ongoing controversy and recommends cardiology and/or toxicology consultation for complex cases. [17]"
          ],
          "bullets": [
            "For unstable ischemia, concerning ECG findings, biomarker evidence of myocardial injury, or diagnostic uncertainty with possible dissection, involve cardiology and pursue the relevant emergency pathway rather than relying on a cocaine-specific chest-pain algorithm. [2][15][17]"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Cardiovascular branch points in suspected cocaine toxicity. [2][4][15][17]",
        "columns": [
          "Clinical pattern",
          "Immediate diagnostic action",
          "What changes next"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Chest pain with ischemic ECG findings or evidence of acute ischemia",
            "Evaluate as acute coronary syndrome; ECG interpretation may be complicated by left ventricular hypertrophy. [2][4]",
            "Do not use a brief uncomplicated-observation pathway. [2]"
          ],
          [
            "Chest pain without recurrent symptoms or evidence of acute ischemia",
            "Continue observation-based assessment after ACS evaluation. [2]",
            "A brief observation strategy may be appropriate only after these exclusions. [2]"
          ],
          [
            "Abrupt severe chest pain with features of acute aortic syndrome",
            "Evaluate for aortic dissection rather than assuming coronary vasoconstriction. [15]",
            "Avoid anchoring on MI alone; dissection and rupture have been reported with cocaine use. [15]"
          ],
          [
            "Question of beta-blocker therapy",
            "Recognize controversy; consider cardiology or toxicology input in complex cases. [17]",
            "Meta-analysis data cited in guideline found no association with MI, myocardial necrosis, or death, but practice remains debated. [17]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "neurologic-and-other-organ-threats",
      "eyebrow": "Neurologic and Systemic Complications",
      "heading": "Treat focal neurologic deficits as stroke until proven otherwise",
      "intro": "Cocaine exposure should heighten, not delay, evaluation for neurovascular emergency.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Activate urgent stroke evaluation for any focal deficit, acute aphasia, persistent altered consciousness, severe sudden headache, or seizure. Cocaine’s sympathomimetic effects are associated with ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage; a systematic review and meta-analysis reported an odds ratio of 5.05 for ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke among cocaine users. [20]",
        "Anticipate a more complicated course in cocaine-associated stroke. Compared with stroke without cocaine association, the meta-analysis found higher odds of mortality (OR 1.77), vasospasm (OR 2.25), and seizures (OR 1.61). These associations support close neurologic monitoring and early escalation when seizures or worsening deficits occur. [20]",
        "Consider hyperthermia a marker of potentially escalating multisystem injury, especially during hot weather, when cocaine-attributed deaths have been noted to be more frequent and hyperthermia more likely. [14] Pair temperature control with assessment for agitation-associated rhabdomyolysis and renal injury. [17]"
      ],
      "bullets": [],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "",
        "columns": [],
        "rows": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "testing-and-interpretation",
      "eyebrow": "Diagnostic Strategy",
      "heading": "Use toxicology testing as an adjunct, not a substitute for syndrome-based care",
      "intro": "Testing should answer a defined management question and must not postpone treatment of time-sensitive complications.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Ask directly about cocaine and other drug exposure in patients with chest pain, agitation, hyperthermia, seizure, and unexplained neurologic events. In a survey of clinicians caring for cocaine-associated chest pain, many did not routinely ask all chest-pain patients about drug use, despite regarding cocaine use as an ACS risk factor. [7]",
        "Interpret urine or broad toxicology testing cautiously. Drug and metabolite detection may reflect prior rather than current clinical state, and the usefulness of broad-spectrum testing depends on the interval from exposure and the detection window. Use results to support or redirect a differential when timely, particularly if history is unavailable or polysubstance exposure is plausible, but make treatment decisions from current physiology and competing emergency diagnoses. [23]",
        "Obtain targeted complication testing when the presentation directs it: ECG for chest pain or dysrhythmia concern, serum creatine phosphokinase and renal-function testing for severe agitation, hyperthermia, seizure, or movement disorder, and urgent stroke evaluation for focal neurologic findings. [5][17][20]"
      ],
      "bullets": [],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "Targeted testing in cocaine toxicity. [5][17][20][23]",
        "columns": [
          "Trigger",
          "Test or assessment",
          "Interpretation and action"
        ],
        "rows": [
          [
            "Chest pain or suspected dysrhythmia",
            "ECG; serial clinical assessment for acute ischemia. [2][4][5]",
            "Abnormal ECG requires clinical interpretation because left ventricular hypertrophy may mask regional changes; evidence of acute ischemia excludes brief uncomplicated observation. [2][4]"
          ],
          [
            "Severe agitation or hyperthermia",
            "Serum creatine phosphokinase and renal function. [17]",
            "Treat as possible rhabdomyolysis: fluids and urine-output target greater than 2 mL/kg/h; continue renal surveillance. [17]"
          ],
          [
            "Seizure or movement disorder",
            "Ongoing renal-function screening. [17]",
            "Monitor for rhabdomyolysis-associated kidney injury. [17]"
          ],
          [
            "Focal deficit, thunderclap headache, or persistent neurologic change",
            "Urgent stroke evaluation. [20]",
            "Evaluate for ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage rather than attributing symptoms to intoxication alone. [20]"
          ],
          [
            "Uncertain exposure or suspected polysubstance use",
            "Targeted or broad toxicology testing when results will alter the differential. [23]",
            "A positive result may not establish current impairment; integrate with timing and clinical syndrome. [23]"
          ]
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "monitoring-disposition-and-follow-up",
      "eyebrow": "Disposition",
      "heading": "Separate uncomplicated observation from admission-level toxicity",
      "intro": "Disposition follows recurrence, objective injury, and organ-system complication rather than cocaine detection alone.",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Consider a brief observation pathway only for cocaine-associated chest pain after evaluation for acute coronary syndrome when there are no recurrent symptoms and no evidence of acute ischemia. Patients with recurrent pain, ischemic evidence, unstable vital signs, dysrhythmia, seizure, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, renal injury, or acute neurologic deficits require continued monitored management directed at the identified complication. [2][17][20]",
        "Continue reassessment of temperature, mental status, cardiovascular status, ECG findings, urine output, renal function, and creatine phosphokinase in patients with severe sympathomimetic manifestations. The combination of severe agitation and hyperthermia should lower the threshold for monitoring rhabdomyolysis and kidney injury. [17]",
        "Before discharge after an uncomplicated course, address recurrence risk through substance-use counseling and linkage to treatment. Cocaine cessation is specifically emphasized in the stroke literature because cocaine-associated cerebrovascular events carry higher odds of mortality, vasospasm, and seizures. [20]"
      ],
      "bullets": [
        "Do not discharge patients with recurrent chest pain or evidence of acute ischemia through a brief chest-pain observation protocol. [2]",
        "Admit or continue monitored care for seizure, hyperthermia, significant agitation with rhabdomyolysis risk, renal dysfunction, dysrhythmia, or suspected stroke. [17][20]",
        "For complex cardiovascular presentations, obtain cardiology and/or toxicology input, particularly when beta-blocker decisions or competing diagnoses complicate management. [17]"
      ],
      "subsections": [],
      "table": {
        "caption": "",
        "columns": [],
        "rows": []
      }
    }
  ],
  "faq": [],
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  "citations": [
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      "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com",
      "snippet": "### References\n\n#### Key articles\n\nLavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resu",
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    {
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      "snippet": "Patients with cocaine-associated chest pain should still be evaluated for potential acute coronary syndromes, but those who do not have recurrent symptoms,",
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      "snippet": "An abnormal ECG has been reported in 56% to 84% of patients with cocaine-associated pain, as left ventricular hypertrophy often masks regional",
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      "snippet": "Monitoring for toxicity generally includes periodic history and physical exami- nation, as well as evaluation of the ECG, chest x-ray, and",
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      "snippet": "Title: The current practice for cocaine-associated chest pain in the Netherlands - ScienceDirect\n## Toxicology Reports. Volume 8, 2021, Pages 23-27. # The current practice for cocaine-associated chest pain in the Netherlands. Author links open overlay panel, ,. Dutch emergency physicians and cardiol",
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      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "### Pediatr. Emerg. Care\n\n### 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Pra",
      "score": 0.9432988409829691
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    {
      "number": 10,
      "title": "Non-clinical guidelines: toxicology | European Medicines Agency (EMA)",
      "detail": "www.ema.europa.eu",
      "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/scientific-guidelines/non-clinical/non-clinical-toxicology",
      "authors": "www.ema.europa.eu",
      "host": "www.ema.europa.eu",
      "snippet": "European Medicines Agency's logo Go to homepage\n\n# Non-clinical guidelines: toxicology\n\n## Page contents\n\nThe European Medicines Agency's scientific guidelines on toxicology help medicine developers prepare marketing authorisation applications for human medicines.\n\nFor a complete list of scientific ",
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    {
      "number": 11,
      "title": "Liquid automatic dishwashing detergents: A profile of toxicity - Annals of Emergency Medicine",
      "detail": "www.annemergmed.com",
      "url": "https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(89)80315-4/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.annemergmed.com",
      "host": "www.annemergmed.com",
      "snippet": "# Liquid automatic dishwashing detergents: A profile of toxicity. The recent introduction of liquid automatic dishwashing detergents (LADDs) has resulted in numerous calls to poison information centers and, subsequently, a large number of referrals to emergency departments. There is no published inf",
      "score": 0.9390445006040811
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "title": "Volume 39 Issue 8 | Pediatrics In Review | American Academy of Pediatrics",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/pediatricsinreview/issue-pdf/827768",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "Orlando, FL\n\nAdventHealth\n\nPediatric Pulmonology Physician - Montana - Tertiary Care\n\nBillings, MT\n\nBillings Clinic\n\nPediatrician\n\nOkatie, SC\n\nPalmetto Pediatrics of the Lowcountry\n\nAcademic Division Chief of Women's and Children's\n\nPhoenix, AZ\n\nHonorHealth / Arizona State University John Shufeldt S",
      "score": 0.8823699489736052
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "title": "Adult Toxicology in Critical Carea - CHEST Journal",
      "detail": "journal.chestnet.org",
      "url": "https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)34761-4/fulltext",
      "authors": "journal.chestnet.org",
      "host": "journal.chestnet.org",
      "snippet": "Rhabdomyolysis and hyperthermia after cocaine ... Theophylline toxicity and overdose: predisposing factors, clinical features, and outcome of 116 consecutive",
      "score": 0.975524168870384
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "title": "[PDF] Managing ART in Injecting Drug Users - IRIS",
      "detail": "iris.who.int",
      "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/206042/B1497.pdf?sequence=1",
      "authors": "iris.who.int",
      "host": "iris.who.int",
      "snippet": "... aortic dissection and hyperthermia. It has been noted that more deaths are attributed to cocaine during hot weather when hyperthermia becomes more likely.",
      "score": 0.9677331207101372
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "title": "The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine",
      "detail": "www.annemergmed.com",
      "url": "https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(05)81217-X/pdf",
      "authors": "www.annemergmed.com",
      "host": "www.annemergmed.com",
      "snippet": "Several cases of cocaine-induced aortic dissection and rupture have been reported. 64-67 In one pathologic report, a medial dissection ruptured proximally",
      "score": 0.955853462528423
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "title": "Page numbers in italic denote a figure, table, or box. AAP. See ...",
      "detail": "publications.aap.org",
      "url": "https://publications.aap.org/books/chapter-pdf/779473/aap_9781581109689-index.pdf",
      "authors": "publications.aap.org",
      "host": "publications.aap.org",
      "snippet": "Abdominal pain acute causes and differential diagnosis, Cocaine use and chest pain, fluid and electrolyte therapy,",
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    {
      "number": 17,
      "title": "[PDF] The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the ... - CDC Stacks",
      "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/156927/cdc_156927_DS1.pdf",
      "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "host": "stacks.cdc.gov",
      "snippet": "Please see the supplementary EtD document for the following related summaries of evidence, relevant citations, and CGC judgments: • Table 44. QRS Widening Rhabdomyolysis: In patients with stimulant intoxication, rhabdomyolysis most commonly occurs following episodes of severe agitation and hyperther",
      "score": 0.9494590460073274
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "title": "Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds",
      "detail": "www.bjanaesthesia.org",
      "url": "https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912%2817%2935084-5/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.bjanaesthesia.org",
      "host": "www.bjanaesthesia.org",
      "snippet": "Management of acute MDMA toxicity ... Labetalol is preferred for the treatment of tachycardia and hypertension secondary to the sympathomimetic effects of MDMA.",
      "score": 0.97912
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "title": "The anaesthetist, opioid analgesic drugs, and serotonin toxicity",
      "detail": "www.bjanaesthesia.org",
      "url": "https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(19)30632-4/fulltext",
      "authors": "www.bjanaesthesia.org",
      "host": "www.bjanaesthesia.org",
      "snippet": "Hypertension and tachycardia can be controlled with propranolol, in part because of its actions as a 5HT1A antagonist.143 143.",
      "score": 0.9726
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "title": "Cocaine and Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Evidence - PubMed",
      "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37629248",
      "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
      "snippet": "Title: Cocaine and Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Evidence - PubMed\nAn official website of the United States government. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted. ## Save citation to file. ### Add to Collections. ### Add to",
      "score": 0.9624305512174764
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "title": "MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AS A COMPLICATING FACTOR IN AORTIC DISSECTION DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - CHEST",
      "detail": "journal.chestnet.org",
      "url": "https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(20)32345-X/fulltext",
      "authors": "journal.chestnet.org",
      "host": "journal.chestnet.org",
      "snippet": "# MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AS A COMPLICATING FACTOR IN AORTIC DISSECTION DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. **CONCLUSIONS:** This patient presented as an unusual case of anterior STEMI secondary to left main disease from an aortic dissection. * MISSED DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE TYPE A AORTIC DISSECTION TREATED AS NON-ST",
      "score": 0.9622623907245703
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "title": "Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064488800787",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Title: Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants\nSkip to main contentSkip to article. ## Article preview. ## Annals of Emergency Medicine. Image 4: Annals of Emergency Medicine. Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants. Check access to the full text by signing in through your organization. ## First p",
      "score": 0.9285879123521112
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    {
      "number": 23,
      "title": "Toxicology Testing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/toxicology-testing",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Chapter\n\n## Canada\n\n### Toxicology Testing Laboratories\n\nDozen of laboratories offer their services in the field of toxicology testing in Canada. Before doing any business with a laboratory, it is recommended to verify if the laboratory is certified by a recognized association and has participated i",
      "score": 0.9259513307574125
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "title": "Antipsychotics for the treatment of sympathomimetic toxicity: A systematic review - ScienceDirect",
      "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675719300014",
      "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "host": "www.sciencedirect.com",
      "snippet": "Elsevier logo\nThe American Journal of Emergency Medicine\n\n## The American Journal of Emergency Medicine\n\n## Published by: Elsevier\n\n### Published by\n\nElsevier\n\n# Original Contribution Antipsychotics for the treatment of sympathomimetic toxicity: A systematic review☆\n\n## Article preview\n\n## Abstract\n",
      "score": 0.9255605135851424
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  ],
  "publishedAt": "2026-09-16T00:00:48.898555+00:00",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-16T00:00:48.898555+00:00",
  "readingMinutes": 5,
  "slug": "cocaine-toxicity"
}