{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Addiction Medicine", "title": "Cannabis Use Disorder", "summary": "Diagnose cannabis use disorder with a DSM-5 criterion-based assessment rather than toxicology alone, identify psychiatric and safety complications, and match treatment intensity to impairment, comorbidity, readiness, and response to evidence-based psychosocial care.", "seoDescription": "Point-of-care guidance for diagnosing cannabis use disorder, assessing psychiatric and safety risk, interpreting screening, and selecting psychosocial treatment.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians diagnose, risk-stratify, and treat cannabis use disorder in outpatient and acute-care settings?", "specialty": "Addiction Medicine", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "cannabis use disorder", "CUD", "cannabis withdrawal", "CUDIT-SF", "cannabis-induced psychosis", "contingency management", "motivational enhancement therapy" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Confirm cannabis use disorder (CUD) by documenting at least 2 of 11 DSM-5 criteria during 12 months; classify 2-3 criteria as mild, 4-5 as moderate, and 6 or more as severe. [23]", "A positive CUDIT-SF screen at a cutoff of 2 identifies patients who need diagnostic assessment, not a diagnosis; reported sensitivity and specificity for DSM-5 CUD were approximately 78% and 77%-78%, respectively. [22]", "Urine or other toxicology testing establishes exposure but does not establish current intoxication, CUD severity, or causality of psychiatric symptoms. [24]", "For new psychosis, mania, suicidality, major cognitive change, or inability to maintain safety, assess the temporal relationship to cannabis exposure, obtain collateral history and targeted medical testing, and manage as an acute psychiatric presentation. [24]", "Psychosocial treatment is the central treatment pathway; motivational enhancement therapy-cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency-management approaches have been studied, while pharmacotherapy for CUD remains investigational. [19][16]", "Counsel adolescents, patients with psychotic disorders, pregnant patients, and drivers toward cannabis avoidance because these groups face clinically important cognitive, psychiatric, pregnancy-related, or crash risks. [3][4][6][14][20]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "triage-and-safety", "eyebrow": "First Encounter", "heading": "Identify presentations that require acute psychiatric or medical management", "intro": "Separate uncomplicated CUD assessment from acute intoxication, psychiatric decompensation, and medical syndromes.", "paragraphs": [ "Escalate immediately when cannabis use accompanies psychosis, mania, suicidal thinking or behavior, severe agitation, delirium, marked cognitive change, or inability to maintain personal safety. Establish the timing of last use, escalation in frequency or THC exposure, and onset of psychiatric symptoms; obtain collateral history when the patient cannot provide a reliable timeline. In patients with psychotic or mood disorders, temporal correlation between exposure and symptom onset, collateral information, and toxicology can improve diagnostic attribution, but toxicology cannot by itself establish intoxication or causation. [24]", "Do not label psychotic symptoms as cannabis-induced solely because cannabis is detected. Continued cannabis use is associated with incident psychotic symptoms, and cannabis exposure is associated with psychosis risk and psychosis relapse; these associations warrant a low threshold to assess for a primary psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, other substance exposure, and medical causes when symptoms persist beyond the expected exposure window or predate cannabis escalation. [6][4]", "Use targeted rather than routine laboratory testing. Metabolic, hepatic, infectious, or other testing is appropriate when psychosis, cognitive change, or systemic illness suggests an alternative diagnosis; routine laboratory panels are not required for an otherwise straightforward CUD evaluation. [24]" ], "bullets": [ "Ask specifically about driving, operating machinery, child supervision, falls, and other hazardous use; recurrent hazardous use is a DSM-5 CUD criterion. [23]", "Screen for co-occurring alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use disorders and for mood, anxiety, trauma-related, and psychotic disorders because psychiatric and other substance-use comorbidity commonly complicate CUD treatment. [8][9]", "For pregnant or potentially pregnant patients, document route, product type, THC content if known, frequency, reasons for use, and concurrent tobacco or alcohol use; ACOG addresses cannabis use during pregnancy as a distinct clinical risk context. [14]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Acute decision branches for patients reporting cannabis use. [24][6][4]", "columns": [ "Presentation", "Immediate discriminator", "Next action" ], "rows": [ [ "New psychosis, mania, or severe behavioral disturbance", "Determine whether symptoms began before, during, or after increased cannabis exposure; obtain collateral history and toxicology as context. [24]", "Perform acute psychiatric safety assessment and evaluate competing primary psychiatric, substance-related, and medical diagnoses. [24][6]" ], [ "Suicidal thinking, inability to care for self, or impaired safety judgment", "Assess intent, plan, access to lethal means, supervision, intoxication, and psychiatric comorbidity. [24]", "Use emergency psychiatric disposition when safety cannot be maintained. [24]" ], [ "Cognitive change or systemic symptoms", "Look for findings that suggest metabolic, hepatic, infectious, or other systemic illness. [24]", "Order targeted testing directed by the suspected alternative diagnosis. [24]" ], [ "Positive toxicology without acute syndrome", "A positive result confirms exposure only; it does not measure intoxication, severity, or functional impairment. [24]", "Proceed to structured CUD and functional assessment rather than inferring diagnosis from the result. [24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "diagnostic-assessment", "eyebrow": "Diagnosis", "heading": "Confirm CUD with a criterion-based assessment", "intro": "Screening identifies patients who need a diagnostic interview; DSM-5 symptoms establish the disorder.", "paragraphs": [ "Diagnose CUD when at least 2 of 11 DSM-5 criteria occur within 12 months. The criteria assess withdrawal, tolerance, larger or longer use than intended, unsuccessful efforts to cut down, excessive time obtaining or using cannabis or recovering from its effects, reduced activities, continued use despite physical or psychological harm, role impairment, hazardous use, craving, and continued use despite interpersonal problems. Severity is mild with 2-3 criteria, moderate with 4-5, and severe with 6 or more. [23]", "Begin with a brief screen when time is limited, then complete a criterion-level interview after a positive result. The three-item Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test Short-Form (CUDIT-SF), using a cutoff of 2, demonstrated sensitivity of 78.26%-78.31% and specificity of 76.70%-78.00% for DSM-5 CUD in U.S. and Australian samples. The screen should trigger assessment, not substitute for diagnostic confirmation. [22]", "At the diagnostic visit, quantify past-year and recent use by days per week, amount per occasion, route, product potency when known, time of first use, escalation pattern, motives, withdrawal symptoms, prior quit attempts, and consequences at work, school, home, relationships, finances, and driving. A positive screen warrants assessment of frequency, dose, route, potency, motives, and functional effects. [24]", "Use biologic testing selectively. Cannabis toxicology can document exposure, but a negative result does not exclude use and quantitative levels are unreliable for determining intoxication, tolerance, or CUD severity. Do not use a positive urine test as proof that cannabis caused psychosis, vomiting, anxiety, cognitive impairment, or an accident. [24]" ], "bullets": [ "Document the number of DSM-5 criteria, not only the diagnostic label, because severity informs the intensity of intervention and follow-up. [23]", "Ask whether cannabis is being used to manage insomnia, anxiety, pain, nausea, trauma symptoms, or withdrawal from another substance; the stated indication may identify an untreated condition that must be managed in parallel. [24]", "Assess functional impairment even when the patient reports perceived benefit; role failure, activity reduction, hazardous use, and persistent interpersonal harm are diagnostic criteria. [23]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Distinguish CUD from use without disorder", "paragraphs": [ "Frequency alone does not establish CUD. The diagnostic distinction is loss of control, compulsive time allocation, physiologic adaptation, and continued use despite demonstrable harm or impairment. Daily use increases the probability of CUD, but a DSM-5 assessment remains necessary. [12][23]" ], "bullets": [ "CUD severity is not inferred from toxicology concentration, product route, or patient self-identification as a medical or recreational user. [24]", "A patient with fewer than 2 DSM-5 criteria does not meet DSM-5 CUD threshold but may still warrant targeted counseling when use creates driving, pregnancy, adolescent neurodevelopmental, or psychosis-related risk. [3][4][20]" ] } ], "table": { "caption": "DSM-5 CUD severity and practical assessment focus. [23]", "columns": [ "DSM-5 symptom count in 12 months", "Severity", "Clinical next step" ], "rows": [ [ "0-1", "No DSM-5 CUD diagnosis. [23]", "Address risk-specific use, including hazardous use, pregnancy, adolescence, or psychiatric vulnerability. [3][4][20]" ], [ "2-3", "Mild CUD. [23]", "Use a collaborative brief intervention and arrange structured psychosocial treatment if impairment, failed reduction, or risk exposure continues. [23][19]" ], [ "4-5", "Moderate CUD. [23]", "Offer a structured psychosocial treatment plan and assess psychiatric and other substance-use comorbidity that may sustain use. [23][8][19]" ], [ "6 or more", "Severe CUD. [23]", "Use more intensive treatment planning, frequent follow-up, and integrated management of psychiatric, social, and other substance-use impairment. [23][8]" ] ] } }, { "id": "risk-patterns", "eyebrow": "Risk Stratification", "heading": "Match counseling and follow-up to high-risk clinical contexts", "intro": "The same use pattern carries different urgency according to developmental stage, psychiatric vulnerability, pregnancy, and safety-sensitive activities.", "paragraphs": [ "Adolescents require a lower intervention threshold. Cannabis exposure during adolescence is associated with greater acute behavioral and cognitive effects than in adults, and adolescent use is associated with later CUD and higher rates of adult mental health disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia. Counsel adolescents against cannabis use and involve family-based supports when clinically appropriate. [10][20]", "For patients with a psychotic disorder, clinical high-risk state, or prior cannabis-associated psychosis, make reduction and cessation a central relapse-prevention target. Cannabis use is associated with psychosis in adolescents and adults, and continued use has been associated with incident psychotic symptoms; high-potency and frequent exposure have been linked to greater adverse psychiatric risk. [4][6][11]", "In pregnancy, screen without stigma, assess for CUD and co-occurring substance use, counsel cessation, and offer behavioral treatment support. Meta-analytic evidence links prenatal cannabis exposure with low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, preterm delivery, neonatal intensive care admission, and other adverse outcomes, although the umbrella review rates this evidence as low certainty. [3][14]", "Ask every patient with ongoing use about driving and other safety-sensitive tasks. Cannabis use is associated with increased motor-vehicle crash risk, and acute THC-related impairment can include impaired perception, motor skills, short-term memory, and somnolence. Advise patients not to drive or operate hazardous equipment while impaired. [3][20]" ], "bullets": [ "Reassess psychiatric symptoms after reduction or cessation, but do not defer indicated treatment for depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, psychosis, or trauma-related illness while awaiting that response. Psychiatric comorbidity is common in CUD. [8][9]", "Document product route because inhaled products carry respiratory effects and ingested or topical products have been associated with gastrointestinal, hepatic, and dermatologic adverse effects. [20]", "Assess unintentional childhood exposure risk and household storage when cannabis products are present in homes with children. [9]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Risk contexts that change the intervention threshold. [3][4][6][14][20]", "columns": [ "Clinical context", "Why it changes care", "Action" ], "rows": [ [ "Adolescent use", "Adolescents have greater vulnerability to cognitive and psychiatric harms and elevated risk of later CUD. [10][20]", "Counsel against use; assess CUD and psychiatric symptoms; engage age-appropriate behavioral and family supports. [20]" ], [ "Psychosis spectrum disorder or prior cannabis-associated psychosis", "Cannabis exposure and continued use are associated with psychotic symptoms and relapse risk. [4][6]", "Prioritize cessation or reduction, psychiatric follow-up, and close monitoring for recurrence. [4][24]" ], [ "Pregnancy", "Prenatal exposure is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes; certainty varies by outcome. [3]", "Counsel cessation and assess for CUD and concurrent substance use. [14]" ], [ "Driving or safety-sensitive work", "Cannabis is associated with crash risk and can impair perception and motor performance. [3][20]", "Advise avoidance of driving and hazardous work while impaired. [3][20]" ] ] } }, { "id": "treatment", "eyebrow": "Management", "heading": "Use psychosocial treatment as the treatment foundation", "intro": "Select treatment intensity according to DSM-5 severity, functional impairment, co-occurring illness, and prior treatment response.", "paragraphs": [ "Set a patient-specific initial goal: abstinence is appropriate when cannabis use is driving psychosis, hazardous behavior, pregnancy-related risk, major functional impairment, or repeated inability to control use; reduction may be an engagement step for patients not ready for abstinence. Translate the goal into measurable targets such as cannabis-free days, no driving after use, elimination of use before work or caregiving, and attendance at scheduled treatment sessions. Functional and contextual assessment should guide individualized management. [24]", "Offer structured psychosocial treatment rather than relying on advice alone. Motivational enhancement therapy combined with cognitive behavioral therapy (MET-CBT), contingency management based on abstinence, and contingency management based on attendance have been evaluated in CUD trials and systematic review. The 2025 evidence synthesis assessed abstinence, treatment completion, use frequency and quantity, craving, adverse events, and cost-effectiveness, with certainty varying across comparisons and outcomes. [19]", "Use motivational interventions to resolve ambivalence, then use CBT to identify triggers, develop alternative responses, and plan for high-risk situations. For patients with repeated nonresponse, severe CUD, marked role impairment, co-occurring psychiatric illness, or other substance use disorders, increase visit frequency and integrate addiction and mental health care rather than treating each condition sequentially. CUD treatment is often complicated by co-occurring mental health and other substance-use disorders. [8][19]", "Do not present N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as established pharmacotherapy for CUD. A preliminary 8-week trial in cannabis-dependent adolescents and young adults reported greater odds of negative urine cannabinoid tests with NAC 2,400 mg/day plus behavioral therapy than with placebo plus behavioral therapy, but this remains adjunctive and investigational rather than standard treatment. [16]" ], "bullets": [ "At each follow-up, record days of use, route and potency when known, craving, withdrawal symptoms, hazardous use, DSM-5 consequences, psychiatric symptoms, and progress toward the agreed functional target. [23][24]", "Use toxicology only when the result has an agreed clinical purpose, such as contingency-management verification or clarification of reported exposure; interpret results as exposure evidence rather than a measure of impairment. [24][19]", "Treat co-occurring tobacco, alcohol, and other substance-use disorders concurrently when present; these disorders commonly co-occur with CUD. [8][9]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Follow-up and relapse management", "paragraphs": [ "After a lapse, reassess the antecedent rather than simply repeating cessation advice: identify the trigger, the cannabis product and route used, the functional consequence, whether treatment attendance fell, and whether an untreated psychiatric symptom or another substance contributed. Recalculate DSM-5 criteria when the pattern has changed and intensify psychosocial care when impairment persists. [23][24][19]" ], "bullets": [ "Monitor for re-emergent psychosis, mania, suicidality, or substantial cognitive change during ongoing use or relapse; these findings require renewed acute psychiatric and medical assessment. [24]", "For adolescent patients, reassess school function, family conflict, peer context, and co-occurring mental health symptoms at follow-up because these domains may sustain use and impairment. [10][20]" ] } ], "table": { "caption": "Treatment selection framework for CUD. [19][23][24][16]", "columns": [ "Clinical pattern", "Core intervention", "Monitoring or escalation" ], "rows": [ [ "Mild CUD with ambivalence and limited impairment", "Use a collaborative brief intervention and motivational enhancement approach; define a measurable reduction or abstinence target. [19][24]", "Reassess use, consequences, and DSM-5 criteria at follow-up; refer to structured therapy if the target is not met. [23][24]" ], [ "Moderate or severe CUD, failed self-directed reduction, or substantial functional impairment", "Offer structured MET-CBT and consider contingency-management approaches. [19]", "Increase contact frequency and integrate psychiatric and other substance-use treatment. [8][19]" ], [ "Psychosis, mania, suicidality, or unsafe behavior temporally associated with use", "Prioritize immediate psychiatric safety assessment and cessation-oriented treatment planning. [24][4]", "Monitor closely for recurrence and evaluate for primary psychiatric and medical causes. [24]" ], [ "Considering medication", "Explain that no established pharmacotherapy is identified here; NAC 2,400 mg/day has preliminary adjunctive trial evidence in adolescents and young adults with behavioral therapy. [16]", "Do not substitute medication for psychosocial treatment; monitor outcomes clinically rather than by toxicology alone. [16][24]" ] ] } }, { "id": "documentation-and-care-planning", "eyebrow": "Practice Workflow", "heading": "Document a treatment-ready formulation", "intro": "A structured note improves continuity and makes the next clinical decision explicit.", "paragraphs": [ "Document the diagnostic basis as: cannabis products and route; frequency and escalation; last use; DSM-5 symptom count and severity; withdrawal and craving; psychiatric symptoms; other substance use; hazardous activities; pregnancy status where relevant; functional consequences; patient-stated goals; and the treatment plan. This separates exposure, disorder severity, acute risk, and response monitoring. [23][24]", "For patients in whom cannabis may be contributing to psychosis or mood instability, document the symptom-use timeline and collateral source. This preserves diagnostic uncertainty appropriately while supporting a concrete plan for cessation-oriented care, psychiatric monitoring, and reassessment if symptoms persist. [24][4]" ], "bullets": [ "Record the selected psychosocial modality, treatment attendance plan, and the outcome metric that will determine escalation. [19]", "When toxicology is obtained, state its intended purpose and avoid documenting it as evidence of intoxication or CUD severity. [24]", "Document explicit driving and safety-sensitive-work counseling when ongoing use is reported. [3][20]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Minimum CUD follow-up data elements. [23][24][19]", "columns": [ "Domain", "What to document", "Decision enabled" ], "rows": [ [ "Diagnostic severity", "Current DSM-5 criterion count and severity category. [23]", "Whether treatment intensity should increase or decrease." ], [ "Exposure pattern", "Days of use, route, potency if known, last use, and change since prior visit. [24]", "Whether use is escalating, stable, or improving." ], [ "Consequences", "Role function, relationships, hazardous use, driving, and medical or psychiatric harms. [23]", "Whether continued use is causing clinically meaningful impairment." ], [ "Treatment response", "Attendance, agreed target, craving, withdrawal, and barriers to change. [19][24]", "Whether to modify psychosocial treatment or increase care intensity." ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Cannabis Use Disorder Emergency Department Visits and ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2829914", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Cannabis-Related Disorders and Toxic Effects", "detail": "www.nejm.org", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra2212152", "authors": "www.nejm.org", "host": "www.nejm.org" }, { "number": 3, "title": "umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled ...", "detail": "www.bmj.com", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/382/bmj-2022-072348.full.pdf", "authors": "www.bmj.com", "host": "www.bmj.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies", "detail": "www.bmj.com", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/382/bmj-2022-072348", "authors": "www.bmj.com", "host": "www.bmj.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Frequent alcohol, nicotine or cannabis use is common in ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/3/2/e002229.full.pdf", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com" }, { "number": 6, "title": "Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and ...", "detail": "www.bmj.com", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d738", "authors": "www.bmj.com", "host": "www.bmj.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "protocol for a secondary analysis of harmonised data from ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/16/3/e116180", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder | Nature Reviews Disease Primers", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00247-4?fromPaywallRec=false", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems | Neuropsychopharmacology", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017198", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Consequences of adolescent drug use | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02590-4", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 11, "title": "Cannabis use and glutamate across the psychosis spectrum: in vivo evidence from 7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Molecular Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-026-03705-1", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Identifying Subtypes of Cannabis Use Disorder: A Latent... : Journal of Addiction Medicine", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/fulltext/9900/identifying_subtypes_of_cannabis_use_disorder__a.593.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Diagnostic Concordance between DSM-5 and ICD-10 Cannabis Use Disorders", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460316300685", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 14, "title": "ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 10: Cannabis Use... : Obstetrics & Gynecology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/aog.0000000000006053~acog-clinical-consensus-no-10-cannabis-use-during-pregnancy", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460322000491", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 16, "title": "N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials - 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Cannabis use should be avoided in adolescents and young adults (when neurodevel", "score": 0.48030865 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Frequent alcohol, nicotine or cannabis use is common in ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/3/2/e002229.full.pdf", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "Merikangas KR, He J-P, Burstein M, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A).\nJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;49:980–9.\n20.\nSiegfried N. A review of comorbidity: major mental illn", "score": 0.42362547 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and ...", "detail": "www.bmj.com", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d738", "authors": "www.bmj.com", "host": "www.bmj.com", "snippet": "by R Kuepper · 2011 · Cited by 471 — Cannabis use is a risk factor for the development of incident psychotic symptoms. Continued cannabis use might increase the risk for psychotic", "score": 0.3866482 }, { "number": 7, "title": "protocol for a secondary analysis of harmonised data from ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/16/3/e116180", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "by SW Feldstein Ewing · 2026 — This study will also evaluate the role of syndemic connections between HIV-related comorbidities, here, the co-occurrence of alcohol and cannabis use, in youth", "score": 0.35066646 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder | Nature Reviews Disease Primers", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00247-4?fromPaywallRec=false", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Title: Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder | Nature Reviews Disease Primers\nThe individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalenc", "score": 0.5993685 }, { "number": 9, "title": "US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems | Neuropsychopharmacology", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017198", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "This review provides an overview of the changing US epidemiology of cannabis use and associated problems. Adults and adolescents increasingly view cannabis as harmless, and some can use cannabis without harm. However, potential problems include harms from prenatal exposure and unintentional childhoo", "score": 0.63234437 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Consequences of adolescent drug use | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02590-4", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "CAS \n PubMed \n Google Scholar\n110. Levine A, Clemenza K, Rynn M, Lieberman J. Evidence for the risks and consequences of adolescent cannabis exposure. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56:214–25.\n\n PubMed \n Google Scholar\n111. Murray CH, Huang Z, Lee R, de Wit H. Adolescents a", "score": 0.50930125 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Cannabis use and glutamate across the psychosis spectrum: in vivo evidence from 7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Molecular Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-026-03705-1", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Recent changes in cannabis laws and the rise in nonmedical cannabis use have intensified concerns about long-term effects of cannabis on mental health, particularly among youth. While cannabis use has been implicated in a range of psychiatric outcomes , accumulating evidence highlights its associati", "score": 0.46555817 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Identifying Subtypes of Cannabis Use Disorder: A Latent... : Journal of Addiction Medicine", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/fulltext/9900/identifying_subtypes_of_cannabis_use_disorder__a.593.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Identifying Subtypes of Cannabis Use Disorder: A Latent Class Analysis Among Daily Cannabis Consumers and Associated Sociodemographic and Cannabis Characteristics PhD; Alschuler, Daniel MS; Wall, Melanie PhD; Hasin, Deborah S. | DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001595 ### Background: Cannabis use disorder", "score": 0.4858686 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Diagnostic Concordance between DSM-5 and ICD-10 Cannabis Use Disorders", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460316300685", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Evaluating the compatibility of diagnostic classification systems is an important area of research in that the implications derived from such work not only inform future research efforts, but they directly impact all facets of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (e.g., assessment, diagnosis, sele", "score": 0.44261298 }, { "number": 14, "title": "ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 10: Cannabis Use... : Obstetrics & Gynecology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/aog.0000000000006053~acog-clinical-consensus-no-10-cannabis-use-during-pregnancy", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Preventing marijuana use among youth. SAMHSA Publication No. PEP21-06-01-001. Accessed April 16, 2024. Here \n ## 89.\n\nTesta M, Wang W, Derrick JL, Leonard KE. Marijuana use episodes and partner intimacy experiences: a daily report study. ", "score": 0.41648865 }, { "number": 15, "title": "N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460322000491", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "2024, Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science Show abstract Exposure to Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is an established risk factor for later-life neuropsychiatric vulnerability, including mood- and anxiety-related symptoms. The psychotropic effects of THC on affect and anxiogenic behavioral phe", "score": 0.3153252 }, { "number": 16, "title": "N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460322000491", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Title: N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials - ScienceDirect\n# N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of NAC clinical trials for ", "score": 0.2666918 }, { "number": 17, "title": "From DSM-IV to DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: An overview of epidemiological data", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460314003207", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (2005) \n K. Peer _et al._\n### Prevalence of DSM-IV and DSM-5 alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use disorders in a largely substance dependent sample\n\n### Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2013) \n S.L. Proctor _et al._\n### Compatibility of current DSM-IV and p", "score": 0.16402072 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Committee Opinion No. 711: Opioid Use and Opioid... : Obstetrics & Gynecology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/aog.0000000000002235~committee-opinion-no-711-opioid-use-and-opioid-use-disorder", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "A diagnosis is based on specific criteria such as unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use, as well as use resulting in social problems and a failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home (12). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), replace", "score": 0.08431933 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Effectiveness and safety of psychosocial interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis - Halicka - 2025 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.70084", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "# Effectiveness and safety of psychosocial interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. * Abbreviations: ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CAST, Cannabis Abuse Screeni", "score": 0.46249792 }, { "number": 20, "title": "ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 7: The Use of... : Obstetrics & Gynecology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/10.1097/aog.0000000000005606~acog-clinical-consensus-no-7-the-use-of-cannabis-products", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "## ASSOCIATED EFFECTS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS\n\nCognitive effects associated with cannabis, particularly substances with higher concentrations of THC, include intoxication, decreased short-term memory, impaired perception, impaired motor skills, somnolence, insomnia, and, for adolescents, an increase i", "score": 0.39740095 }, { "number": 21, "title": "DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale - PMC", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767415", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Title: DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale - PMC\nThe work group recommendations for DSM-5 revisions included combining abuse and dependence criteria into a single substance use disorder based on consistent findings from over 200,000 study participants, dropping ", "score": 0.23638442 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Preliminary Development of a Brief Cannabis Use Disorder Screening Tool: The Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test Short-Form - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5531365", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "The present investigation sought to identify and test a shortened version of the eight-item CUDIT-R in samples from two different countries (i.e., the United States and Australia) by using IRT and traditional statistical methods. Analyses revealed a three-item measure (CUDIT-SF), comprising items 3,", "score": 0.6186197 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Construct validity of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder diagnosis and severity levels in adults with problematic substance use", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9590423", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "from earlier DSMs due to lack of sufficient evidence, DSM-5 added cannabis withdrawal to the CUD criteria based on studies conducted after publication of DSM-IV (Budney et al., 2004; Hasin et al., 2013). DSM-5 SUD diagnoses, including CUD, have a threshold of 2 of 11 criterion. Though previous DSMs ", "score": 0.5920305 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Cannabis Use Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "Positive screens warrant detailed interviews assessing frequency, dose, route, potency, motives, and functional effects. Screening identifies risk but does not confirm diagnosis.\n\nLaboratory Testing and Interpretation\n\nToxicology confirms exposure but not intoxication or severity. The following spec", "score": 0.54361504 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T18:44:13.646533+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T18:44:13.646533+00:00", "readingMinutes": 8, "slug": "cannabis-use-disorder" }