{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Psychiatry", "title": "Antisocial Personality Disorder", "summary": "Antisocial personality disorder requires longitudinal, behavior-based diagnostic assessment, separation from psychopathy and acute substance-related risk, and treatment directed at comorbid disorders, aggression, impulsivity, offending, and safety rather than an assumed medication-responsive core disorder.", "seoDescription": "Clinical approach to antisocial personality disorder: diagnostic differentiation, violence assessment, comorbidity treatment, and evidence-based care planning.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should physicians assess and manage antisocial personality disorder while addressing acute risk, comorbidity, and treatment limitations?", "specialty": "Psychiatry", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "antisocial personality disorder", "ASPD", "psychopathy", "violence risk assessment", "impulsive aggression", "personality disorders" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Diagnose ASPD through a longitudinal assessment of pervasive antisocial behavior and functional consequences; psychopathy is not a formal DSM-5 diagnosis and should not be used interchangeably with ASPD. [23]", "Separate acute, potentially reversible contributors to aggression or disinhibition—especially substance use and comorbid psychiatric illness—from enduring personality pathology before assigning management targets. [12][20][21]", "Use structured violence-risk assessment as an adjunct to clinical formulation; the PCL-R was developed for psychopathy assessment and is widely used in violence-risk contexts, but it is not a substitute for individualized risk management. [1][8]", "Treat co-occurring psychiatric and substance-use disorders according to their disorder-specific guidance even when ASPD is present. [21][22]", "Do not prescribe medication as treatment for ASPD itself; pharmacotherapy is generally directed at a defined comorbid disorder or a carefully specified target symptom, with limited disorder-specific evidence. [20][21]", "Psychological interventions for ASPD have an uncertain evidence base; select structured treatment around measurable targets such as offending behavior, anger, impulsivity, aggression, substance use, and treatment engagement. [18][21]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "immediate-safety-and-setting", "eyebrow": "First encounter", "heading": "Establish immediate safety and the appropriate level of care", "intro": "Acute risk management precedes diagnostic labeling.", "paragraphs": [ "At each urgent, emergency, inpatient, or correctional encounter, determine whether the immediate problem is violence toward others, self-harm, intoxication or withdrawal, severe agitation, victimization risk, or inability to participate safely in evaluation. Obtain collateral information when feasible, including recent assaults, threats, weapon access, escalating conflict, intoxication, medication adherence, legal stressors, and prior responses to containment. Impulsivity in people with ASPD is linked with substance use, depression, suicidality, nonsuicidal self-injury, and aggression, so a presentation framed as “antisocial behavior” should not bypass assessment for acute psychiatric and substance-related risk. [12]", "Document a behaviorally specific formulation rather than relying on personality labels: current target behavior, likely precipitants, intoxication status, psychiatric symptoms, access to potential victims, protective constraints, and the setting needed to prevent imminent harm. Violence-risk instruments can support structured assessment, but results must be integrated with current clinical circumstances and a management plan; the PCL-R, originally developed to assess psychopathy, has become widely used in risk assessment. [1][8]", "If acute violence risk is present, use the least restrictive setting that can reliably maintain safety and reassess risk as intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, psychosis, affective symptoms, or situational conflict changes. Avoid treating an acute behavioral crisis as evidence that ASPD alone explains the presentation; the immediate intervention should target the active driver and the operational safety problem." ], "bullets": [ "Specify whether aggression is impulsive/reactive, planned/instrumental, substance-associated, psychosis-associated, or related to an acute interpersonal conflict; these patterns alter the immediate treatment target. [12][13]", "Ask separately about suicidal thoughts, self-injury, depressed mood, and substance use rather than inferring low self-harm risk from externalizing behavior. [12]", "Forensic or legal involvement should prompt clear documentation of clinical findings, current risk, collateral data used, limits of confidentiality, and the distinction between treatment assessment and a formal forensic evaluation. [7][8]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Immediate formulation domains that change the next clinical action. [1][12][21]", "columns": [ "Domain", "Finding to establish", "Management implication" ], "rows": [ [ "Imminence", "Recent threats, assaultive acts, escalating conflict, access to a target or weapon", "Prioritize a secure setting, environmental controls, and frequent reassessment rather than outpatient diagnostic completion. [1]" ], [ "State-dependent driver", "Intoxication, withdrawal, mood symptoms, psychosis, delirium, or acute distress", "Treat the identified acute disorder or syndrome and reassess behavior after stabilization. [12][21]" ], [ "Behavioral pattern", "Impulsive aggression versus planned aggression or coercive behavior", "Define a measurable behavioral target; impulsive aggression has been associated with recidivism among incarcerated people with ASPD. [12]" ], [ "Comorbidity", "Substance-use disorder, depression, suicidality, self-injury, or another psychiatric disorder", "Apply disorder-specific treatment rather than attributing the presentation solely to ASPD. [12][21]" ] ] } }, { "id": "diagnostic-assessment", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic formulation", "heading": "Confirm a longitudinal ASPD pattern and distinguish psychopathy", "intro": "A defensible diagnosis requires more than criminal history, conflict, or a single encounter.", "paragraphs": [ "Build the assessment from longitudinal behavioral evidence across developmental periods and settings: persistent rule-breaking, deceitfulness, aggression, reckless behavior, irresponsibility, exploitation, and consequences in work, family, community, and legal domains. Determine whether the behavior is pervasive and enduring rather than limited to an intoxicated state, an acute mood episode, psychosis, traumatic circumstances, or a particular institutional environment. Semistructured personality-disorder interviews, including the International Personality Disorder Examination, were developed for standardized diagnostic assessment and can improve the quality of a complex evaluation when time and setting permit. [4]", "Do not equate ASPD with psychopathy. ASPD is the formal DSM-5 clinical diagnosis, whereas psychopathy is a non-DSM construct often characterized by callousness, shallow affect, manipulativeness, superficial charm, impulsivity, and deviation from social, moral, or legal norms. DSM-oriented ASPD criteria emphasize behavioral traits such as impulsivity, deceitfulness, and recklessness; psychopathy adds interpersonal-affective features that may have different implications for violence formulation and treatment engagement. [23]", "When psychopathy is relevant to a specialized forensic or risk formulation, use a trained evaluator and a validated structured approach rather than informal impressions of charm, lack of remorse, or criminality. The PCL-R has a specific psychopathy-assessment role and is also used in violence-risk contexts; it should not be presented as a routine outpatient diagnostic test for ASPD. [1][8]" ], "bullets": [ "Obtain collateral records when available: prior psychiatric assessments, substance-use treatment history, school and employment records, criminal-legal history, medical records, and reports from family or other informants.", "Assess the interpersonal-affective domain separately from behavioral disinhibition: callousness, limited guilt or empathy, manipulation, attachment patterns, and affective shallowness may clarify psychopathy-related traits but do not independently establish ASPD. [11][23]", "Avoid making ASPD the sole explanation for aggression when co-occurring borderline pathology, substance use, affective dysregulation, or other psychiatric syndromes are active; phenotype overlap is clinically important. [7][19]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Developmental continuity and transition from youth services", "paragraphs": [ "For patients transitioning from child or adolescent services, review prior conduct-disorder assessment and continuity of antisocial behavior rather than making an adult personality diagnosis from current legal involvement alone. Guidance for young people with persistent antisocial behavior or conduct disorder specifically directs transition planning toward adult ASPD services when indicated, while other mental health problems should be managed under their relevant guidance. [24]" ], "bullets": [] } ], "table": { "caption": "Clinical distinctions that prevent diagnostic overreach. [11][23][24]", "columns": [ "Presentation", "Key discriminator", "Next assessment step" ], "rows": [ [ "ASPD", "Enduring pattern centered on behavioral disinhibition and disregard for social norms, with longitudinal impairment and consequences. [23]", "Construct a developmental and cross-setting behavioral timeline; assess comorbidity and functional impact." ], [ "Psychopathy-related traits", "Prominent interpersonal-affective features such as callousness, shallow affect, manipulation, reduced guilt, or limited empathy, often alongside antisocial behavior. [11][23]", "Reserve formal psychopathy assessment for appropriately trained specialized evaluators when it will change forensic or risk formulation. [1][8]" ], [ "Substance-associated aggression", "Temporal linkage between intoxication, withdrawal, or substance-use pattern and aggression or disinhibition. [12]", "Assess and treat the substance-use disorder; reassess baseline behavior during sustained stabilization." ], [ "Persistent conduct problems in youth", "Ongoing antisocial behavior or conduct disorder during transition to adult care. [24]", "Coordinate transition services and evaluate adult personality pathology longitudinally rather than from one acute episode." ] ] } }, { "id": "comorbidity-and-treatment-targets", "eyebrow": "Management plan", "heading": "Treat comorbidity and define measurable behavioral targets", "intro": "Management should address the condition or behavior that is currently modifiable.", "paragraphs": [ "Establish a prioritized problem list that separates core antisocial behavior from treatable co-occurring conditions. Screen for substance-use disorders, depression, suicidal behavior, nonsuicidal self-injury, anxiety, trauma-related symptoms, psychotic symptoms, neurocognitive impairment, and other personality pathology. NICE guidance recommends offering treatment for comorbid disorders according to the applicable disorder-specific recommendations regardless of whether the patient is also receiving treatment for ASPD. [12][21][22]", "Translate broad goals such as “reduce antisocial behavior” into observable targets: no assaults or threats, reduced alcohol or drug use, attendance at treatment, reduced impulsive aggression, fewer arrests, stable housing, or completion of probation requirements. For incarcerated individuals with ASPD, impulsive aggression and attentional impulsivity were associated with number of times in jail, supporting direct assessment of these domains when recidivism reduction is the operational goal. [12]", "Discuss the treatment contract in concrete terms: which behavior is being targeted, what information will be shared for safety or legal reasons, how missed visits are handled, what constitutes escalation, and how outcomes will be measured. A transparent, consistent approach is particularly important where manipulation, mistrust, coercive interactions, or external legal incentives may distort engagement. [7][21]" ], "bullets": [ "Treat substance-use disorder as a central relapse and violence-risk intervention when use temporally precedes aggression, legal problems, or treatment dropout. [12][21]", "Assess co-occurring borderline pathology when affective instability, self-injury, intense interpersonal reactivity, or emotion-driven impulsivity are prominent; comorbid ASPD and borderline pathology have been associated with severe violence in forensic samples. [19]", "Reassess target behaviors at each visit using the same measures: episodes of aggression, threats, arrests, substance-use days, treatment attendance, and adverse consequences." ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Target-based management framework for ASPD presentations. [12][18][20][21]", "columns": [ "Primary target", "Assessment focus", "Treatment direction", "Monitoring outcome" ], "rows": [ [ "Substance-associated disinhibition", "Substance pattern, temporal association with aggression, withdrawal risk, prior treatment response. [12]", "Provide evidence-based treatment for the identified substance-use disorder. [21]", "Substance-use days, intoxication-related incidents, retention in treatment." ], [ "Impulsive aggression", "Triggers, warning signs, impulsivity, aggression frequency, victim access, legal consequences. [12]", "Use a structured psychological approach targeting anger, impulsivity, and aggression; define safety contingencies. [18][21]", "Aggressive episodes, threats, injuries, emergency visits, arrests." ], [ "Comorbid depression or self-harm risk", "Mood symptoms, suicidal ideation, self-injury, substance use, acute stressors. [12]", "Treat the identified comorbid disorder under disorder-specific guidance. [21][22]", "Suicidal thoughts, self-injury episodes, mood symptoms, crisis utilization." ], [ "Persistent offending behavior", "Offense pattern, criminogenic context, impulsivity, aggression, substance use, social supports. [12][18]", "Use structured interventions aimed at offending behavior and associated symptoms; coordinate with the relevant legal and community systems within confidentiality limits. [18][21]", "New charges, violations, arrests, prosocial role functioning." ] ] } }, { "id": "psychological-treatment", "eyebrow": "Definitive care", "heading": "Use structured psychological treatment without therapeutic pessimism", "intro": "Evidence supports targeted care more clearly than a single disorder-specific psychotherapy.", "paragraphs": [ "Psychological-intervention evidence for ASPD remains limited and methodologically constrained. Reviews note little formal development of treatments designed specifically for ASPD, despite substantial development of interventions intended to reduce offending behavior and associated targets such as anger, impulsivity, and aggression. Select a program based on the patient’s principal behavioral target, treatment setting, cognitive capacity, substance-use needs, and ability to engage consistently. [18]", "When choosing psychotherapy, prioritize structure: a shared formulation, explicit behavioral goals, consistent boundaries, attendance expectations, routine review of aggression and substance use, and planned responses to breaches or escalating risk. The intended outcome may be reduced offending, reduced aggression, improved impulse control, or improved engagement—not necessarily remission of all antisocial traits. [18][21]", "Mentalization-based treatment is being explored for patients with antisocial and borderline pathology. A randomized comparison reported short-term reductions in psychopathy traits and antisocial and borderline symptom severity after both treatment conditions, but this does not establish a universal first-line psychotherapy for ASPD. Consider specialized approaches when a program has relevant expertise and the patient’s interpersonal dysfunction and comorbid borderline features match the treatment model. [15][16]" ], "bullets": [ "Match intervention intensity to current risk, treatment adherence, substance use, cognitive function, and the feasibility of external structure in the patient’s living or custodial setting. [18][21]", "Do not exclude treatment solely because ASPD is present; establish realistic, measurable targets and reassess engagement and safety regularly. [21][23]", "Coordinate care across mental health, addiction treatment, primary care, social services, and—when appropriate and authorized—criminal-legal systems to reduce fragmented plans and inconsistent contingencies. [7][21]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Selecting psychological care by treatment target rather than diagnostic label alone. [15][18][21]", "columns": [ "Clinical pattern", "Reasonable treatment focus", "What to measure" ], "rows": [ [ "Anger, impulsivity, and reactive aggression", "Structured intervention explicitly addressing anger, impulsivity, aggression, and antecedent situations. [18]", "Frequency and severity of aggressive episodes, threats, injuries, crisis contacts." ], [ "Substance use linked to offending or violence", "Integrated treatment for the specific substance-use disorder alongside behavioral risk management. [12][21]", "Use days, intoxication-related events, treatment attendance, legal consequences." ], [ "ASPD with borderline symptom burden", "Consider a specialized treatment model with expertise in mentalization and personality pathology when clinically appropriate. [15][16]", "Interpersonal crises, self-harm, aggression, personality symptom severity, retention." ], [ "Justice-involved patient with persistent offending", "Intervention targeting offending behavior and associated aggression, impulsivity, and substance use. [18]", "Arrests, violations, incarceration episodes, treatment completion." ] ] } }, { "id": "medication-and-follow-up", "eyebrow": "Pharmacotherapy and monitoring", "heading": "Avoid medication for ASPD itself and monitor explicit treatment targets", "intro": "Medication requires a separate indication, target, and reassessment plan.", "paragraphs": [ "Do not initiate pharmacotherapy with the expectation that it will treat ASPD as a unitary disorder. Reviews describe uncertainty about pharmacologic treatment of ASPD and note that medications in this population are commonly used for symptoms or comorbid conditions rather than for the disorder itself. The limited available evidence does not support a disorder-specific medication algorithm. [20]", "If medication is used, document the independent indication: a diagnosed mood disorder, psychotic disorder, anxiety disorder, attention disorder, substance-use disorder, or another condition with an evidence-based pharmacologic strategy. For symptom-directed prescribing, specify the target behavior, baseline frequency or severity, expected benefit, adverse-effect monitoring, duration of trial, and stop rule; avoid indefinite treatment continued only because aggression or conflict historically occurred. [10][20][21]", "Follow-up should measure outcomes relevant to the care setting at a defined interval: assaults or threats, self-harm, substance use, arrests or violations, adherence, housing stability, occupational functioning, and emergency utilization. Reassess the diagnosis and treatment formulation when behavior worsens despite adherence, when aggression becomes state-dependent, or when a previously unrecognized comorbid disorder emerges. [12][21]" ], "bullets": [ "Prescribe medications for comorbid disorders according to the relevant condition-specific guideline, not as a proxy treatment for ASPD. [21][22]", "Before continuing symptom-targeted medication, confirm that the target behavior changed and that the benefit outweighs adverse effects, overdose risk, misuse risk, and polypharmacy burden. [20]", "Escalate to specialized psychiatry, addiction psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, or a multidisciplinary violence-risk service when risk formulation affects custody, mandated treatment, legal disposition, or public-safety planning. [1][7][8]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Follow-up measures that test whether the plan is reducing harm. [12][20][21]", "columns": [ "Follow-up domain", "Measure at each review", "Action if worsening" ], "rows": [ [ "Aggression and threats", "Number, severity, trigger, victim access, and consequences of incidents. [12]", "Reassess imminence, setting, substance involvement, and need for a revised safety plan." ], [ "Substance use", "Use pattern, intoxication-related events, withdrawal episodes, and treatment attendance. [12]", "Intensify disorder-specific substance-use treatment and reassess violence risk." ], [ "Medication target", "Predefined symptom or behavior and adverse effects. [20]", "Stop, switch, or revise the indication if the target has not improved or harms predominate." ], [ "Function and legal outcomes", "Attendance, housing, work or education, arrests, violations, and emergency utilization. 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NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553769", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence and ...", "detail": "www.bmj.com", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e4692", "authors": "www.bmj.com", "host": "www.bmj.com", "snippet": "by S Fazel · 2012 · Cited by 770 — Although the PCL-R was originally developed to diagnose psychopathic personality disorder, it has become widely used for risk assessment", "score": 0.5135471 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Disentangling Structural Brain Alterations Associated With ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1107289", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by B Schiffer · 2011 · Cited by 183 — Assessments of mental disorders, psychopathy. Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder.", "score": 0.48191768 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Comorbid Axis I and Axis II Disorders in Early Adolescence", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482734", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by TN Crawford · 2008 · Cited by 210 — Although the SCID-II normally assesses current antisocial PD symptoms in a structured interview, we preferred self-report items based on the", "score": 0.35878035 }, { "number": 4, "title": "The International Personality Disorder Examination", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/PSYCH/articlepdf/496533/archpsyc_51_3_005.pdf", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "diagnostic assessment instruments for use in clinical re- search worldwide. The International Personality Disor- der Examination (IPDE) is a semistructured", "score": 0.3042075 }, { "number": 5, "title": "The Antisocial Brain: Psychopathy Matters: A Structural ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1149316", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "by S Gregory · 2012 · Cited by 324 — Objective To identify structural gray matter (GM) differences between persistent violent offenders who meet criteria for antisocial personality disorder and the", "score": 0.2877733 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Treatment of personality disorder", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61394-5/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "Treatment of personality disorder - The Lancet. * Editorial Rethinking personality disorder60272-0/fulltext \"Rethinking personality disorder\"). **8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual**. usual treatment for b", "score": 0.5170594 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Cognitive–affective factors underlying disinhibitory disorders and legal implications", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-022-00020-8.pdf", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Article \nPubMed \nPubMed Central \nGoogle Scholar\n\nSylvers, P., Brennan, P. 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E., Baskin-Sommers, A.", "score": 0.42548645 }, { "number": 8, "title": "7 Psychopathy: assessment and forensic implications", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/book/24581/chapter/187844927", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "7.2 PCL-R assessment of psychopathy 7.2 PCL-R assessment of psychopathy. 7.3 ... 7.6 Antisocial personality disorder 7.6 Antisocial personality disorder.", "score": 0.61112726 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178919300357", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and psychopathy (Miller & Lynam, 2003; Poythress & Hall, 2011; Zapolski, Settles, Cyders, & Smith, 2010). In addition, impulsivity has been linked to alcohol and substance use, depression, suicidality, non-suicidal self-injury, aggression toward others, and di", "score": 0.6907474 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Evidence-based pharmacotherapy for personality disorders", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article/14/9/1257/649533", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "by LH Ripoll · 2011 · Cited by 121 — Most available evidence supports use of medication in reducing impulsivity and aggression, characteristic of borderline and antisocial psychopathology.", "score": 0.6765563 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Antisocial Personality Disorder - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/antisocial-personality-disorder", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Title: Antisocial Personality Disorder - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\n# Antisocial Personality Disorder. ### 7.4Antisocial Personality Disorder. ### Antisocial personality disorder and homicide. As adults, males with antisocial personality disorder have significant disregard for others’ emotio", "score": 0.5530473 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178919300357", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "# Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of psychopathy, impulsivity, and aggression on recidivism, and to investigate the relationships between these dimensions i", "score": 0.5501488 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128201954003010", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "## Article preview. ## Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition). Volume 2, 2022, Pages 622-629. # Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Author links open overlay panel,. ## Abstract. Within clinical psychology, the syndromes antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and ps", "score": 0.5253938 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Mentalization-Based Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: State-Of-The-Science and Future Directions", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.70120?af=R", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.169 PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar “8-Year Follow-Up of Patients Treated for Borderline Personality Disorder: Mentalization-Based Treatment Versus Treatment as Usual.” *American Journal of Psychiatry* 165, no. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040636 PubMed Web of Science® Google", "score": 0.65940565 }, { "number": 15, "title": "A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Mentalization ...", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.3047", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "Short-term reductions were seen following both treatments in traits of psychopathy, antisocial and borderline personality symptom severity,", "score": 0.6522641 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Mentalization‐Based Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: State‐Of‐The‐Science and Future Directions - Jørgensen - 2025 - Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy - Wiley Online Library", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.70120", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "* Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) is a widely used treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD), but evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) remains mixed. “8-Year Follow-Up of Patients Treated for Borderline Personality Disorder: Mentalization-Based Treatment Versus Treatment as Us", "score": 0.6420965 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Antisocial Personality Disorder", "detail": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118650868.ch10", "authors": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "host": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "snippet": "by S Hodgins · 2018 · Cited by 20 — The use of psychological treatments for people with personality disorder: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Personality", "score": 0.53895956 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8094166", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "It remains the case that the most recent and widest ranging relevant review with which to compare our findings is that carried out in the development of the NICE clinical guideline on antisocial personality disorder (NICE 2010). In reporting their systematic review, the NICE guideline authors observ", "score": 0.6638657 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Expert Clinician Insights Into the Diagnosis and Treatment of Men With Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Qualitative Study", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13127850", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": ". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . 2009. \"Antisocial Personality Disorder: Prevention and Management.\" NICE. (Clinical Guideline CG77). Accessed February 16, 2026, [PubMed] [Google Scholar]\n . Newhill, C. E. , S. M. Eack , and E. P. Mulvey . 2009. “Violent Behavior in Borderl", "score": 0.5900477 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8094881", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "#### NICE 2015\n\n1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Personality disorders: borderline and antisocial; 11 June 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs88 2015. [ISBN: 978-1-4731-1247-6]\n\n#### Ogloff 2006\n\n1. Ogloff JRP. Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. Australian ", "score": 0.5780915 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Antisocial personality disorder: prevention and management - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555205", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 77\n\nThis guideline is the basis of QS88.\n\n## Overview\n\nThis guideline covers principles for working with people with antisocial personality disorder, including dealing with crises (crisis resolution). It aims to help people with antisocial personality disorder manage fe", "score": 0.5533369 }, { "number": 22, "title": "2018 surveillance of personality disorders (NICE guidelines CG77 and CG78) - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK550289", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "From recommendation 1.6.1.1 ‘Provision of services for people with antisocial personality disorder ….’: a link will be added to NICE’s guideline on mental health of adults in contact with the criminal justice system.\n\nIn recommendations 1.4.1.1, 1.4.3.2 and 1.4.4.1 (which state that comorbid disorde", "score": 0.5533369 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Antisocial personality disorder and therapeutic pessimism – how can mentalization-based treatment contribute to an increased therapeutic optimism among health professionals? - PMC", "detail": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10915228", "authors": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "hand, is more heavily based on fundamental personality deficits (Ogloff and Wood, 2010). Psychopathy is characterized by a behavioral pattern of impulsivity, shallow affect, superficial charm, callousness, and manipulation that deviates from the social, moral, or legal norms of society (Werner et al", "score": 0.5052006 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people: recognition and management - NCBI Bookshelf", "detail": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553769", "authors": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "snippet": "For young people who continue to exhibit antisocial behaviour or meet criteria for a conduct disorder while in transition to adult services (in particular those who are still vulnerable, such as those who have been looked after or who have limited access to care) refer to Antisocial personality diso", "score": 0.48616135 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-08-24T18:36:32.013847+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-08-24T18:36:32.013847+00:00", "readingMinutes": 7, "slug": "antisocial-personality-disorder" }