{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Nephrology", "title": "AKI Urine Microscopy", "summary": "Urine microscopy is most useful in acute kidney injury when urinalysis suggests an active sediment or the clinical course is unexplained. Freshly examined sediment can redirect evaluation toward acute tubular injury, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, crystal nephropathy, or biopsy-confirmable interstitial disease.", "seoDescription": "Use urine microscopy in acute kidney injury to identify tubular, glomerular, crystal, and inflammatory sediment patterns that change urgent evaluation.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should urine microscopy direct diagnosis, escalation, and immediate management in adults with acute kidney injury?", "specialty": "Nephrology", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "acute kidney injury", "AKI", "urine microscopy", "urine sediment", "red cell casts", "acute tubular injury", "glomerulonephritis" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Obtain urine microscopy promptly when AKI has blood and protein on urinalysis, an unexplained course, or concern for intrinsic kidney disease; interpret a freshly collected, freshly spun specimen when possible. [2]", "Granular casts support acute tubular injury, whereas red cell casts or dysmorphic red cells redirect the workup toward glomerulonephritis or vasculitis and may justify urgent nephrology involvement and kidney biopsy. [2][24]", "Oxalate crystals should trigger immediate evaluation for ethylene glycol poisoning; microscopy is therefore a time-sensitive test in compatible toxicologic presentations. [2]", "Microscopy does not replace assessment for reversible prerenal and postrenal causes: review nephrotoxins, monitor urine output, obtain obstruction-directed imaging when indicated, and urgently decompress high-risk obstruction. [1][3][4]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "when-to-order", "eyebrow": "Test selection", "heading": "When urine microscopy changes the AKI workup", "intro": "Use sediment examination to adjudicate suspected intrinsic disease rather than as a stand-alone AKI screen.", "paragraphs": [ "Order urinalysis with urine microscopy early in AKI when dipstick testing shows both blood and protein, when the creatinine trajectory is not explained by hemodynamics, medications, or obstruction, or when systemic findings raise concern for glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, or acute interstitial nephritis. Microscopy is particularly useful because an active sediment changes the next diagnostic branch: red cell casts support glomerular bleeding, granular casts support tubular injury, and crystals can identify a toxic-metabolic cause. [2]", "Collect and examine urine as fresh as operationally feasible. Careful microscopy of a freshly collected, freshly spun specimen for red cell casts can confirm a glomerular source of hematuria. If this cannot be performed, hematuria without catheter trauma or urinary tract infection should still prompt concern for glomerular disease rather than reassurance from an incomplete sediment assessment. [2]", "Do not allow a bland sediment to defer evaluation for common reversible causes. AKI is frequently associated with sepsis, cardiovascular collapse, heart failure, surgery, nephrotoxins, and urinary outflow obstruction; management remains directed at the precipitating illness, volume and electrolyte complications, nephrotoxin minimization, and obstruction relief. [4]" ], "bullets": [ "Document urine output in every patient with AKI: measure hourly if catheterized and at least every 4 hours if not catheterized. [3]", "Use bladder catheterization when accurate fluid balance is crucial, the patient cannot reliably void into a collection device, or bladder-neck obstruction cannot be rapidly excluded by ultrasound. [3]", "Check urea and electrolytes daily in hospitalized AKI until kidney function returns to actual or presumed baseline or reaches a steady state. [3]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Urine sediment findings that redirect the etiologic evaluation in AKI. [2][24]", "columns": [ "Microscopy finding", "Most actionable interpretation", "Immediate next step" ], "rows": [ [ "Granular casts", "Supports acute tubular injury. [2]", "Identify ischemic and nephrotoxic exposures; discontinue or minimize nephrotoxins and manage the precipitating illness. [1][4]" ], [ "Red cell casts", "Supports glomerulonephritis or vasculitis; in a fresh spun specimen, confirms glomerular-origin hematuria. [2]", "Obtain targeted glomerular evaluation and involve nephrology urgently; kidney biopsy may establish glomerulonephritis or vasculitis when needed. [2]" ], [ "Dysmorphic red blood cells", "Provides diagnostic and prognostic information in systemic vasculitis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary-renal syndromes. [24]", "Treat as an active glomerular sediment and expedite nephrology-directed evaluation. [2][24]" ], [ "Oxalate crystals", "Suggests ethylene glycol poisoning. [2]", "Initiate urgent toxicologic assessment and management rather than attributing AKI solely to volume depletion or tubular injury. [2]" ], [ "Bland sediment", "Favours a prerenal process but does not exclude intrinsic or obstructive AKI. [5]", "Reassess volume status, sepsis, cardiovascular perfusion, drug exposure, and obstruction; escalate if AKI persists or other findings emerge. [1][4]" ] ] } }, { "id": "active-glomerular-sediment", "eyebrow": "High-risk branch", "heading": "Red cell casts or dysmorphic red cells: treat as glomerular disease until clarified", "intro": "An active urinary sediment should change both urgency and the diagnostic panel.", "paragraphs": [ "Red cell casts in AKI indicate glomerulonephritis or vasculitis, while dysmorphic red cells are particularly informative in systemic vasculitis, acute or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary-renal syndromes. The key decision is not to label this pattern as nonspecific hematuria: move from a generic AKI workup to a glomerular-disease pathway. [2][24]", "Order targeted serologies according to the suspected syndrome. Listed tests for glomerulonephritis-oriented AKI evaluation include hepatitis B, C, and D testing, HIV testing, cryoglobulins, anti-streptolysin O titers, and assessment for complement abnormalities in hemolytic uremic syndrome; serum and urine testing for monoclonal light chains is appropriate when paraprotein-mediated disease is possible. [2]", "Kidney biopsy may be required to diagnose glomerulonephritis or vasculitis and should be pursued through nephrology when histology will determine immunologic treatment. Do not delay urgent stabilization while arranging biopsy: recognize and treat hyperkalemia, acidosis, pulmonary edema, and uremia, and initiate renal replacement therapy when clinically required. [1][4]" ], "bullets": [ "Exclude catheter trauma and urinary tract infection before dismissing hematuria as nonglomerular when sediment review is unavailable. [2]", "If pulmonary-renal syndrome, rapidly progressive kidney dysfunction, or vasculitic features accompany dysmorphic red cells or red cell casts, expedite nephrology evaluation because sediment findings have diagnostic and prognostic implications. [24]", "Send a paraprotein evaluation when the clinical context suggests monoclonal immunoglobulin or light-chain excess. [2]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Escalation framework for active urinary sediment in AKI. [2][24]", "columns": [ "Clinical-sediment combination", "Diagnostic direction", "Escalation" ], "rows": [ [ "Blood and protein on urinalysis plus red cell casts", "Glomerulonephritis or vasculitis. [2]", "Targeted serologies and urgent nephrology-directed biopsy consideration. [2]" ], [ "Dysmorphic red cells with pulmonary-renal or systemic vasculitic features", "Systemic vasculitis or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. [24]", "Urgent nephrology involvement; use pathology when required to establish the diagnosis. [2][24]" ], [ "Hematuria without red cell cast assessment and no catheter trauma or UTI", "Glomerular disease remains a concern. [2]", "Repeat or obtain expert fresh-spun urine microscopy and proceed with glomerular evaluation if concern persists. [2]" ] ] } }, { "id": "tubular-and-crystal-patterns", "eyebrow": "Intrinsic AKI branch", "heading": "Granular casts and crystals: identify tubular injury or a reversible toxin", "intro": "These patterns redirect exposure review and urgency rather than establish every cause of AKI.", "paragraphs": [ "Granular casts support acute tubular injury. Acute tubular necrosis is the major cause of intrinsic renal azotemia and follows ischemic or nephrotoxic kidney injury; correlate sediment findings with sepsis, cardiovascular collapse, major surgery, antibiotics, intravenous contrast, and other nephrotoxins. [2][4][8]", "For granular-cast AKI, immediately stop or minimize nephrotoxic medications and address the driving illness. In suspected infection, perform an urgent septic screen and implement the local sepsis bundle within 1 hour. Continue close urine-output and electrolyte surveillance because more severe AKI is associated with greater mortality and a higher likelihood of renal replacement therapy. [1][3]", "Oxalate crystalluria is an actionable exception: it suggests ethylene glycol poisoning. In a patient with compatible exposure or unexplained high-risk metabolic presentation, urgently shift from routine AKI management to toxicologic evaluation and treatment pathways while managing acidosis, electrolyte derangements, and dialysis-requiring complications. [2][4]" ], "bullets": [ "Review all recent medication and contrast exposures whenever microscopy supports tubular injury. [1][4]", "Use the sediment result with—not instead of—clinical evidence of hypotension, sepsis, or obstruction; AKI is often multifactorial. [4][14]", "Consult nephrology for intrinsic AKI when etiology-specific treatment or biopsy is being considered. [1][2]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Actionable non-glomerular urine microscopy patterns in AKI. [2][4][8]", "columns": [ "Finding", "Likely branch", "Management consequence" ], "rows": [ [ "Granular casts", "Acute tubular injury. [2]", "Remove nephrotoxins, correct hemodynamic and infectious precipitants, and monitor for complications requiring renal replacement therapy. [1][4]" ], [ "Oxalate crystals", "Ethylene glycol poisoning. [2]", "Urgent toxicologic escalation and concurrent management of acid-base, electrolyte, and volume complications. [2][4]" ], [ "Pyuria with suspected interstitial process", "Acute interstitial nephritis remains in the differential; urinary eosinophils may have some use in patients with pyuria. [2]", "Review drug exposures and seek nephrology input when diagnosis would alter management; biopsy may diagnose interstitial nephritis. [2]" ] ] } }, { "id": "exclude-obstruction-and-monitor", "eyebrow": "Parallel actions", "heading": "Microscopy never substitutes for obstruction assessment and complication control", "intro": "Run postrenal evaluation and physiologic stabilization in parallel with sediment interpretation.", "paragraphs": [ "Relieve urinary tract obstruction promptly regardless of sediment findings. Urgent referral to urology and/or radiology is indicated for pyonephrosis, an obstructed solitary kidney, bilateral upper-tract obstruction, or AKI complications associated with obstruction. When bladder-neck obstruction is suspected and cannot be rapidly excluded by ultrasound, catheterization is indicated. [1][3]", "A sediment pattern suggestive of intrinsic AKI does not exclude concurrent postrenal or hemodynamic injury. Continue to assess for obstruction, sepsis, cardiovascular collapse, heart failure, and nephrotoxic exposures while treating hyperkalemia, acidosis, pulmonary edema, or uremia as immediate threats. Dialysis may be required for these complications. [1][4]", "After apparent recovery, reassess kidney trajectory rather than assuming resolution from a single improving creatinine. Transient AKI reverses within 48 hours; recovery within 2 to 7 days is termed persistent AKI, and failure to recover within 7 days is acute kidney disease. CKD represents kidney abnormalities persisting beyond 90 days. [12][21]" ], "bullets": [ "Escalate urgently for life-threatening hyperkalemia, acidosis, pulmonary edema, or uremia; consider renal replacement therapy when these complications cannot be managed conservatively. [1][4]", "After AKI recovery, consider nephrology referral when eGFR is 30 mL/min/1.73 m² or lower, or when hypertension or proteinuria persists on early-morning dipstick testing. [1]", "Interpret an improving urine sediment in the context of serial creatinine and urine output; recovery definitions require absence of AKI by both serum creatinine and urine-output criteria. [21]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Parallel management actions while interpreting urine microscopy in AKI. [1][3][4][21]", "columns": [ "Problem", "Action", "Timing or trigger" ], "rows": [ [ "Possible lower-tract obstruction", "Bladder catheterization if fluid balance is critical or bladder-neck obstruction cannot be rapidly ruled out by ultrasound. [3]", "At initial AKI assessment. [3]" ], [ "Upper-tract obstruction with high-risk features", "Urgent urology and/or radiology referral for decompression. [1]", "Pyonephrosis, solitary-kidney obstruction, bilateral obstruction, or obstruction-associated AKI complications. [1]" ], [ "AKI surveillance", "Measure urine output and urea/electrolytes serially. [3]", "Urine output hourly if catheterized or every 4 hours if not; urea and electrolytes daily in hospitalized AKI. [3]" ], [ "Failure to recover", "Reassess etiology and kidney trajectory. [21]", "No AKI recovery by 7 days indicates acute kidney disease. [21]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Management recommendations | BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/83/management-recommendations", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Diagnosis recommendations - BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/83/diagnosis-recommendations", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com" }, { "number": 3, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Investigations | BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/83/investigations", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/83", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "Hallmarks of acute kidney injury - The Lancet", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/ebiom/PIIS2352-3964(26)00320-8.pdf", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com" }, { "number": 6, "title": "Soluble and cell- based markers of immune checkpoint ...", "detail": "jitc.bmj.com", "url": "https://jitc.bmj.com/content/jitc/11/1/e006222.full.pdf", "authors": "jitc.bmj.com", "host": "jitc.bmj.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "Positron emission tomography as an adjuvant diagnostic test in the ...", "detail": "jitc.bmj.com", "url": "https://jitc.bmj.com/content/jitc/7/1/356.full.pdf", "authors": "jitc.bmj.com", "host": "jitc.bmj.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Acute renal failure", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)17831-3/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "Seminar Acute renal failure - The Lancet", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(05)17831-3.pdf", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com" }, { "number": 10, "title": "Investigation of renal perfusion and pathological changes in patients ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/3/e076488", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com" }, { "number": 11, "title": "Positron emission tomography as an adjuvant diagnostic ...", "detail": "jitc.bmj.com", "url": "https://jitc.bmj.com/content/7/1/356", "authors": "jitc.bmj.com", "host": "jitc.bmj.com" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2017.2", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Disease Primers", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00284-z", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 14, "title": "Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-023-00683-3", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 16, "title": "Cardiorenal Syndrome", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org" }, { "number": 17, "title": "Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org" }, { "number": 18, "title": "KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027263861300471X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 19, "title": "Canadian Society of Nephrology Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272638613004721", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 20, "title": "Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury—treatment standard", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/39/1/26/7218568", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 21, "title": "Defining Early Recovery of Acute Kidney Injury : Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2020/09000/defining_early_recovery_of_acute_kidney_injury.22.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 22, "title": "Acute kidney injury—an overview of diagnostic methods and clinical ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/10/3/323/3072617", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 23, "title": "Concordance Analysis Between KDIGO Definition of Acute Kidney Injury and Its Coding in Clinical Practice - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590059526001354", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 24, "title": "Urine Sediment - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/urine-sediment", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Management recommendations | BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/83/management-recommendations", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "snippet": "Refer immediately in any case of pyonephrosis, an obstructed solitary kidney, bilateral upper urinary tract obstruction, or complications of AKI associated with obstruction.\n\nAfter recovery from an episode of AKI, consider referral to nephrology if:(#referencePop3)National Institute for Health and C", "score": 0.6211049 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Diagnosis recommendations - BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/83/diagnosis-recommendations", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "snippet": "Urine microscopy can be useful if there is a finding of blood and protein on urinalysis.(#referencePop14)Kanagasundaram S, Ashley C, Bhojani S, et al. Renal Association clinical practice guideline acute kidney injury (AKI). August 2019 [internet publication].\n\nIt is not widely used in the UK but is ", "score": 0.45827657 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Investigations | BMJ Best Practice", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/83/investigations", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "snippet": "- Infection\n - Trauma\n - Falls risk.\n\nCatheterisation is indicated:\n\n In any case where fluid balance management is crucial\n If the patient is too ill to use a bottle or commode\n If bladder neck obstruction is suspected and cannot be quickly ruled out by ultrasound.\n\nStart urine output monitor", "score": 0.451448 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Acute kidney injury - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US", "detail": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/83", "authors": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "host": "bestpractice.bmj.com", "snippet": "The mainstay of treatment is supportive care, with management of the underlying illness; correction of acid/base, electrolyte, and volume complications; removal or minimization of nephrotoxins; and relief of any associated obstruction being key.\n\nThe mainstay of treatment is supportive care, with ma", "score": 0.32027945 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Hallmarks of acute kidney injury - The Lancet", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/ebiom/PIIS2352-3964(26)00320-8.pdf", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "... urine sediment suggest intrinsic tubular injury, whereas bland sediment favours prerenal causes. 135. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) helps differen", "score": 0.75442725 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Soluble and cell- based markers of immune checkpoint ...", "detail": "jitc.bmj.com", "url": "https://jitc.bmj.com/content/jitc/11/1/e006222.full.pdf", "authors": "jitc.bmj.com", "host": "jitc.bmj.com", "snippet": "nephritis (ICI-­ nephritis), which is estimated to affect 3%–5% of patients receiving ICIs.5 6 Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients with cancer, affecting almost 25% of ICI-­ treated patients within the first year of treatment.7–9 The etiology of AKI in ICI-­ treated patients not only inc", "score": 0.512376 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Positron emission tomography as an adjuvant diagnostic test in the ...", "detail": "jitc.bmj.com", "url": "https://jitc.bmj.com/content/jitc/7/1/356.full.pdf", "authors": "jitc.bmj.com", "host": "jitc.bmj.com", "snippet": "3.\nPerazella MA. Clinical approach to diagnosing acute and chronic Tubulointerstitial disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2017;24(2):57–63.\n4.\nMuriithi AK, Nasr SH, Leung N. Utility of urine eosinophils in the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(11):1857–62.\n5.\nFoga", "score": 0.40443742 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Acute renal failure", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)17831-3/fulltext", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "The major cause of intrinsic renal azotaemia is acute tubular necrosis. This disorder is caused by ischaemic or nephrotoxic injury to the kidney", "score": 0.365344 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Seminar Acute renal failure - The Lancet", "detail": "www.thelancet.com", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(05)17831-3.pdf", "authors": "www.thelancet.com", "host": "www.thelancet.com", "snippet": "The major cause of intrinsic renal azotaemia is acute tubular necrosis. This disorder is caused by ischaemic or nephrotoxic injury to the kidney", "score": 0.3421763 }, { "number": 10, "title": "Investigation of renal perfusion and pathological changes in patients ...", "detail": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/3/e076488", "authors": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "host": "bmjopen.bmj.com", "snippet": "Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterised by a rapid and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate. It is highly prevalent in", "score": 0.31903702 }, { "number": 11, "title": "Positron emission tomography as an adjuvant diagnostic ...", "detail": "jitc.bmj.com", "url": "https://jitc.bmj.com/content/7/1/356", "authors": "jitc.bmj.com", "host": "jitc.bmj.com", "snippet": "by D Qualls · 2019 · Cited by 55 — A clinical diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis was made, and steroids were initiated, with rapid improvement of her acute kidney injury.Read more", "score": 0.21065299 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2017.2", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Over the past 15 years, consensus definitions have been reached for both AKI and CKD; these definitions are applied routinely for the diagnosis of these diseases in research and clinical practice5 Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. ", "score": 0.5874941 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Disease Primers", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00284-z", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Article \nGoogle Scholar\n\nKidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. Suppl. 3, 1–150 (2013).\n\nGoogle Scholar\n\nScheel, P. J., Liu, M. & Rabb, H. Uremic lung: new insights i", "score": 0.5689194 }, { "number": 14, "title": "Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th ...", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-023-00683-3", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Currently, no universally accepted definition of SA-AKI exists15.\"). To support clinical guidelines, quality improvement initiatives, and future research, we propose that the presence of both sepsis (as currently defined in adults by the Sepsis-3 criteria) and AKI (as presently defined by the Kidney", "score": 0.52100873 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "PubMed \nPubMed Central \nGoogle Scholar\n\nMehta, R. L. et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 11, R31 (2007).\n\nPubMed \nPubMed Central \nGoogle Scholar\n\nKidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work G", "score": 0.5163278 }, { "number": 16, "title": "Cardiorenal Syndrome", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "by J Rangaswami · 2019 · Cited by 1663 — Markers of Renal Tubular Injury. Urine microscopy is a readily available clinical biomarker that has diagnostic value in distinguishing an ...Read more", "score": 0.26478395 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology ...", "detail": "www.ahajournals.org", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664", "authors": "www.ahajournals.org", "host": "www.ahajournals.org", "snippet": "by J Rangaswami · 2019 · Cited by 1663 — Ahmad et al demonstrated that tubular injury quantified by validated urine biomarkers was not associated with worsening renal function estimated ...Read more", "score": 0.238134 }, { "number": 18, "title": "KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027263861300471X", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "AKI represents the sudden loss of kidney function, generally occurring over the course of hours to days and resulting in the retention of metabolic waste products and dysregulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. During the past decade, this acute loss of kidney function, previousl", "score": 0.7279179 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Canadian Society of Nephrology Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272638613004721", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "for AKI, and it is challenging to develop guidelines that involve multiple stakeholders from diverse disciplines including nephrology, critical care, and radiology, all of which are important end users of guidelines for AKI. In this context, the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) AKI ", "score": 0.52130115 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury—treatment standard", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/39/1/26/7218568", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "In patients at high risk for AKI, the KDIGO guidelines recommend implementing a care bundle of supportive measures [10] (see also Fig. 2).", "score": 0.49685127 }, { "number": 21, "title": "Defining Early Recovery of Acute Kidney Injury : Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2020/09000/defining_early_recovery_of_acute_kidney_injury.22.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "## References\n\n ## 1\n\nKidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2: 1–138, 2012 Cited HereGoogle Scholar \n ## 2\n\nChawla LS, Eggers PW, Star RA, Kimmel PL: Acute kidney injury and ch", "score": 0.48294178 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Acute kidney injury—an overview of diagnostic methods and clinical ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/10/3/323/3072617", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "Introduction. Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly termed acute renal failure, is characterized by a sudden deterioration in renal function [1].", "score": 0.3694976 }, { "number": 23, "title": "Concordance Analysis Between KDIGO Definition of Acute Kidney Injury and Its Coding in Clinical Practice - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590059526001354", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Title: Concordance Analysis Between KDIGO Definition of Acute Kidney Injury and Its Coding in Clinical Practice - ScienceDirect\n# Original Research Concordance Analysis Between KDIGO Definition of Acute Kidney Injury and Its Coding in Clinical Practice. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in research is typic", "score": 0.2523246 }, { "number": 24, "title": "Urine Sediment - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/urine-sediment", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Description of the urinary sediment in patients with AKI has been highly variable and confounded by inconsistencies in the timing of measurement and in the duration of AKI, as well as by the underlying pathophysiology predisposing patients to AKI. No clinical studies have been reported to date that ", "score": 0.66959417 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T21:47:30.648145+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T21:47:30.648145+00:00", "readingMinutes": 5, "slug": "aki-urine-microscopy" }