{ "schemaVersion": 2, "eyebrow": "Psychiatry", "title": "Acute and Chronic Trauma Disorders", "summary": "Assess trauma-related symptoms by timing, functional impairment, suicide and substance-use risk, and structured diagnostic interview. Distinguish acute stress disorder from PTSD, offer trauma-focused psychotherapy as first-line treatment, avoid routine psychological debriefing, and address sleep, pain, TBI, and substance-use comorbidity.", "seoDescription": "Physician guide to evaluating acute stress disorder and PTSD, using PCL-5 screening, diagnostic interviews, trauma-focused psychotherapy, and comorbidity assessment.", "clinicalQuestion": "How should clinicians distinguish and manage acute traumatic stress reactions, acute stress disorder, and chronic PTSD?", "specialty": "Psychiatry", "audience": "U.S. physicians and medical trainees", "tags": [ "acute stress disorder", "posttraumatic stress disorder", "PTSD", "PCL-5", "CAPS-5", "trauma-focused psychotherapy", "psychological debriefing" ], "keyTakeaways": [ "Use timing to classify the presentation: acute stress disorder is diagnosed from 3 days to 1 month after trauma, whereas PTSD requires symptoms persisting for at least 1 month. [9]", "A PCL-5 score of 31 to 33 is a useful provisional PTSD screening threshold, but diagnosis requires a clinician-administered or semi-structured diagnostic interview. [7][22]", "For clinically significant acute traumatic stress symptoms and established PTSD, prioritize trauma-focused cognitive behavioral approaches; trauma-focused psychotherapy is a guideline-recommended first-line PTSD treatment. [8][9][14]", "Do not use routine psychological debriefing to prevent PTSD; it may be ineffective or harmful. [9]", "Persistent sleep disturbance should trigger assessment for nightmares, insomnia, TBI, pain, obstructive sleep apnea, and substance use because these comorbidities can perpetuate trauma-related symptoms and worsen recovery. [17]" ], "sections": [ { "id": "triage-and-timing", "eyebrow": "Initial encounter", "heading": "Triage acute trauma symptoms before assigning a trauma diagnosis", "intro": "Timing and safety determine the immediate diagnostic and treatment pathway.", "paragraphs": [ "At the first post-trauma visit, establish the event date, current symptom burden, functional effect, and whether symptoms are occurring within 3 days, from 3 days to 1 month, or beyond 1 month. Acute stress disorder (ASD) occupies the 3-day to 1-month interval; PTSD cannot be diagnosed until symptoms have persisted for at least 1 month after the traumatic event. [9]", "Treat severe distress in the first month as clinically actionable even when PTSD timing criteria are not yet met. ASD predicts subsequent PTSD, and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy has evidence of benefit for individuals with acute traumatic stress symptoms. [9]", "At each assessment, actively identify suicide risk, substance use, acute intoxication or withdrawal, psychosis, mania, severe depression, and inability to maintain safety or basic functioning. These conditions can require a parallel urgent psychiatric, addiction, or emergency-care pathway rather than deferred outpatient trauma treatment. PTSD is associated with substance abuse and suicide, and PTSD symptoms frequently coexist with sleep-disrupting TBI, pain, obstructive sleep apnea, and substance use. [9][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Document the index trauma and its timing; symptom onset and duration determine whether ASD or PTSD criteria are temporally possible. [9]", "Ask whether avoidance, dissociation, intrusive recollections, nightmares, hyperarousal, insomnia, pain, or substance use is driving the current functional impairment. [9][17]", "If there is imminent self-harm risk, severe intoxication or withdrawal, psychosis, or inability to remain safe, arrange urgent emergency psychiatric assessment rather than relying on questionnaire follow-up." ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Time-based classification of post-trauma presentations. [9]", "columns": [ "Time after trauma", "Most relevant diagnostic frame", "Clinical action" ], "rows": [ [ "Before 3 days", "Acute post-trauma reaction; ASD timing criterion is not met. [9]", "Assess safety, medical injury, sleep disruption, substance use, and early functional deterioration; avoid routine psychological debriefing. [9]" ], [ "3 days to 1 month", "Consider ASD when clinically significant trauma symptoms are present. [9]", "Use structured symptom assessment and offer trauma-focused CBT for acute traumatic stress symptoms. [9]" ], [ "At least 1 month", "Evaluate for PTSD with clinical interview after screening. [7][9][22]", "If PTSD or clinically important persistent symptoms are confirmed, refer or initiate evidence-based trauma-focused psychotherapy. [8][14]" ] ] } }, { "id": "assessment-and-diagnosis", "eyebrow": "Diagnostic workup", "heading": "Use PCL-5 for symptom measurement, not as the final diagnosis", "intro": "Pair standardized screening with a trauma-specific diagnostic interview.", "paragraphs": [ "Use the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) to quantify symptoms linked to a designated traumatic event over the preceding month. The instrument has 20 self-report items scored 0 to 4, generating a total score from 0 to 80; higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. [7][21]", "Interpret a PCL-5 score in the 31 to 33 range as a positive provisional screen in non-postpartum populations, not definitive PTSD. One analysis used a cutoff of 33 or greater to identify higher PTSD risk, while another reports 31 to 33 as the clinical cutoff; variation reinforces the need to integrate exposure history, impairment, and clinical interview rather than applying a single score mechanistically. [6][7]", "Confirm PTSD with a clinician-administered or semi-structured interview. Semi-structured clinical interviews are the accepted reference standards for establishing PTSD, and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) is a structured clinician measure used to assess diagnostic status and severity. [22][24]", "A high PCL-5 score should change the next step from reassurance to diagnostic assessment and treatment planning. A low score does not exclude clinically relevant trauma symptoms when dissociation, avoidance, sleep disturbance, substance use, or functional decline obscures self-report; reassess longitudinally when symptoms remain impairing. The PCL-5 includes sleep and mood-related items that overlap with affective disorders, which can limit specificity when used in isolation. [6]" ], "bullets": [ "Administer the PCL-5 with a specified index trauma and document the total score for serial symptom tracking. [7][21]", "Use a score of approximately 31 to 33 or greater as a threshold for clinical diagnostic assessment, not as a stand-alone PTSD diagnosis. [6][7]", "Use CAPS-5 or another appropriate semi-structured clinical interview when diagnostic confirmation affects treatment, disability determination, or longitudinal management. [22][24]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Comorbidity assessment that changes the treatment plan", "paragraphs": [ "When sleep complaints dominate, distinguish trauma-related nightmares or insomnia from obstructive sleep apnea, pain-related sleep fragmentation, TBI-related sleep disturbance, and substance-related sleep disruption. These conditions commonly coexist with PTSD and may worsen sleep symptoms and overall recovery if untreated. [17]", "Screen specifically for alcohol, opioids, cannabis, and other substance use because PTSD and substance-use disorders commonly co-occur and the combined presentation is associated with greater sleep disturbance than PTSD alone. [17][18]" ], "bullets": [ "Review head injury or concussion history when cognitive symptoms, headaches, dizziness, or persistent sleep disruption follow trauma. [17]", "Evaluate chronic pain and sedating substance exposure before attributing all insomnia or hyperarousal to PTSD. [17]" ] } ], "table": { "caption": "Practical interpretation of PTSD assessment tools. [6][7][21][22][24]", "columns": [ "Tool", "What it establishes", "Decision use", "Key limitation" ], "rows": [ [ "PCL-5", "20-item self-report measure of DSM-5 PTSD symptom severity over the preceding month; total score 0-80. [7][21]", "Use for screening and serial severity measurement; a score around 31-33 or higher warrants diagnostic evaluation. [6][7]", "Supports a provisional, not formal, diagnosis; sleep and mood items overlap with affective disorders. [6][7]" ], [ "CAPS-5", "Clinician-administered PTSD assessment used to determine diagnostic status and severity. [24]", "Use when formal diagnosis will direct treatment or major clinical decisions. [22][24]", "Requires trained clinical administration and time." ], [ "Semi-structured clinical interview", "Reference-standard approach for establishing PTSD diagnosis. [22]", "Use to verify trauma linkage, duration, symptoms, impairment, and competing diagnoses after a positive screen. [22]", "Not replaced by a questionnaire score. [22]" ] ] } }, { "id": "early-care-after-trauma", "eyebrow": "First month", "heading": "Prevent chronicity without routine trauma debriefing", "intro": "Target patients with clinically significant early symptoms rather than treating all trauma-exposed patients identically.", "paragraphs": [ "Do not prescribe routine psychological debriefing as a universal early post-trauma intervention. Reviews of PTSD prevention literature report that some psychological prevention strategies are ineffective and that psychological debriefing may be harmful. [9]", "For patients with acute traumatic stress symptoms during the ASD interval, prioritize a trauma-focused cognitive behavioral intervention rather than nonspecific reassurance alone. Trauma-focused CBT has evidence of benefit for acute traumatic stress symptoms, and preliminary work suggests that early prolonged exposure may reduce post-traumatic stress reactions; the latter remains less established than trauma-focused CBT. [9]", "Use symptom persistence and functional impairment to determine follow-up intensity. Reassess patients with ASD, high symptom burden on PCL-5, severe sleep disruption, substance use, or marked avoidance before the 1-month PTSD diagnostic threshold, then perform formal PTSD assessment once duration criteria can be met. [7][9][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Avoid mandatory recounting of trauma details in a debriefing format intended to prevent PTSD. [9]", "Offer trauma-focused CBT to patients with clinically significant acute traumatic stress symptoms. [9]", "Set a follow-up point by 1 month after the event for patients with persistent symptoms, deterioration in function, or a positive PCL-5 screen. [7][9]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Early post-trauma intervention choices. [9]", "columns": [ "Clinical situation", "Preferred next action", "Avoid or qualify" ], "rows": [ [ "Universal trauma exposure without established clinically significant syndrome", "Assess safety, symptom trajectory, sleep, substance use, and functional impact; provide follow-up when symptoms persist or worsen. [9][17]", "Do not use routine psychological debriefing to prevent PTSD. [9]" ], [ "ASD or clinically significant acute traumatic stress symptoms", "Offer trauma-focused CBT. [9]", "Early prolonged exposure is promising but described as preliminary evidence. [9]" ], [ "Persistent symptoms approaching or exceeding 1 month", "Perform diagnostic interview for PTSD and arrange trauma-focused psychotherapy when confirmed or clinically important. [8][9][22]", "Do not defer assessment solely because a self-report score is imperfect. [6][22]" ] ] } }, { "id": "chronic-ptsd-treatment", "eyebrow": "Established disorder", "heading": "Make trauma-focused psychotherapy the core treatment for PTSD", "intro": "Treatment selection should favor therapies that directly process trauma memories and trauma-related avoidance.", "paragraphs": [ "For confirmed PTSD, refer to or deliver an evidence-based trauma-focused psychotherapy as first-line treatment. Trauma-focused psychotherapy is guideline-recommended and focuses on memory modulation through emotional and cognitive processing of the trauma, including guided recall of traumatic experiences and confrontation with trauma-related reminders in a safe therapeutic setting. [8]", "Select among validated trauma-focused modalities according to local expertise, patient preference, trauma context, and treatment access. Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, Prolonged Exposure, Narrative Exposure Therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are included among supported trauma-focused approaches; a cited guideline summary describes eight to twelve 90-minute individual trauma-focused CBT sessions and supports EMDR when preferred by the patient. [14]", "Do not substitute supportive counseling, relaxation training, psychoeducation alone, present-centered therapy, psychodynamic therapy, or group supportive approaches for a trauma-focused treatment when the patient can engage in evidence-based trauma processing. The cited review found insufficient evidence to support these as PTSD treatments. [14]", "Set expectations that first-line psychotherapy may not fully resolve symptoms: approximately half of patients report residual symptoms after trauma-focused psychotherapy. Persistent symptoms should prompt reassessment of adherence and treatment fit, ongoing trauma exposure, substance use, sleep disorders, pain, TBI, and co-occurring depression or anxiety rather than assuming the original diagnosis alone explains nonresponse. [8][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Offer Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, Prolonged Exposure, Narrative Exposure Therapy, or EMDR through a clinician trained in the selected modality. [14]", "Use patient preference to guide selection among effective trauma-focused therapies; EMDR is supported when preferred, although the cited NICE summary does not recommend it for combat-related trauma. [14]", "Reassess residual symptoms and comorbid sleep, pain, TBI, and substance-use conditions when response is incomplete. [8][17]" ], "subsections": [ { "heading": "Medication role and limits", "paragraphs": [ "Do not position experimental memory-modulating medications as routine PTSD augmentation. A systematic review identified trials of D-cycloserine, hydrocortisone, propranolol, rapamycin, dexamethasone, and mifepristone used with trauma-focused psychotherapy, but the review emphasizes the need to improve outcomes and notes that few PTSD pharmacotherapies are approved and their effects are small. [8]", "For early pharmacologic prevention or treatment after trauma, avoid assuming benefit from medication-based strategies: a systematic review found limited evidence and no significant benefit for treatments combining psychological and pharmacologic intervention in this setting. [9]" ], "bullets": [ "Use pharmacotherapy only within current disorder-specific guidance and individualized psychiatric care; the cited evidence does not establish a routine medication dose or augmentation regimen. [8][9]", "Do not delay referral for trauma-focused psychotherapy while pursuing unproven pharmacologic memory modulation. [8]" ] } ], "table": { "caption": "Selection of psychotherapy for established PTSD. [8][14]", "columns": [ "Treatment option", "When to select", "Implementation point" ], "rows": [ [ "Trauma-focused CBT", "First-line option for confirmed PTSD or clinically important trauma symptoms. [8][14]", "A cited guideline summary describes 8-12 individual 90-minute sessions and includes Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, Narrative Exposure Therapy, and Prolonged Exposure. [14]" ], [ "EMDR", "Select when patient preference favors EMDR and an experienced clinician is available. [14]", "The cited NICE summary supports EMDR by preference but does not recommend it for combat-related trauma. [14]" ], [ "Non-trauma-focused supportive approaches", "May address engagement or concurrent needs but should not replace a trauma-focused therapy for PTSD when the patient can participate. [14]", "Evidence cited is insufficient for supportive counseling, relaxation training, psychoeducation, present-centered therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and group supportive approaches as PTSD treatments. [14]" ] ] } }, { "id": "follow-up-and-escalation", "eyebrow": "Longitudinal care", "heading": "Monitor symptoms, functioning, and treatment barriers at each transition", "intro": "Repeated measurement is useful only when it changes the next treatment decision.", "paragraphs": [ "Track symptom severity with the same PCL-5 index trauma used at baseline and pair score trends with sleep, work or school performance, relationships, avoidance, substance use, and safety. The PCL-5 is designed to measure symptoms over the preceding month and provides a 0-to-80 severity score that can support longitudinal monitoring. [7][21]", "Escalate from screening to formal diagnostic reassessment when symptoms persist after 1 month, when PCL-5 remains in the provisional-positive range, or when impairment remains substantial despite treatment engagement. Use a clinician-administered or semi-structured interview to determine whether ongoing symptoms represent PTSD, comorbid mood or substance-use illness, sleep disorder, injury-related sequelae, or a mixed presentation. [6][7][17][22][24]", "For incomplete psychotherapy response, do not simply extend nonspecific supportive care. Verify delivery of a trauma-focused modality, identify ongoing avoidance or inability to tolerate the protocol, and treat contributory TBI, pain, obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, or substance use in parallel. Persistent PTSD-associated sleep symptoms are associated with poorer overall outcomes. [8][14][17]" ], "bullets": [ "Repeat PCL-5 with the same traumatic event anchor to make serial scores interpretable. [7][21]", "Reassess diagnostically rather than relying on serial self-report alone when the treatment course is ineffective or the diagnosis is uncertain. [22][24]", "Address sleep symptoms early and evaluate for TBI, pain, obstructive sleep apnea, and substance use when sleep does not improve. [17]" ], "subsections": [], "table": { "caption": "Follow-up triggers and next clinical actions. [6][7][8][17][22][24]", "columns": [ "Follow-up finding", "Interpretation", "Next action" ], "rows": [ [ "PCL-5 remains approximately 31-33 or higher", "Persistent provisional-positive symptom burden. [6][7]", "Complete or repeat clinician-administered diagnostic assessment and confirm access to trauma-focused psychotherapy. [8][22][24]" ], [ "Sleep symptoms persist despite trauma treatment", "Consider comorbid nightmares, insomnia, TBI, pain, obstructive sleep apnea, or substance use. [17]", "Perform targeted sleep, injury, pain, and substance-use assessment; treat identified contributors in parallel. [17]" ], [ "Residual PTSD symptoms after trauma-focused psychotherapy", "Residual symptoms occur in about half of treated patients. [8]", "Reassess treatment fit, adherence, ongoing stressors, diagnostic comorbidity, and whether an alternative evidence-based trauma-focused modality is appropriate. [8][14][17]" ] ] } } ], "faq": [], "references": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Efficacy of Treatment for Child and Adolescent Traumatic Stress", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/485780", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 2, "title": "Psychological Interventions for Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2827463", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 3, "title": "Psychotherapy for Military-Related PTSD: A Review of Randomized ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2422548", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 4, "title": "Physician Posttraumatic Stress Disorder During COVID-19", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2821460", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com" }, { "number": 5, "title": "A Critique of the 2025 American Psychological Association Clinical ...", "detail": "spj.science.org", "url": "https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/jemdr.0034", "authors": "spj.science.org", "host": "spj.science.org" }, { "number": 6, "title": "The impact of trauma core dimensions on anxiety and depression", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72274-6", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 7, "title": "AI and narrative embeddings detect PTSD following childbirth via birth stories | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54242-2", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 8, "title": "Pharmacological memory modulation to augment trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02495-2", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 9, "title": "Pharmacological prevention and early treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-019-0673-5", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com" }, { "number": 10, "title": "PTSD and complex PTSD, current treatments and debates: a review ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/156/1/ldaf015/8266412", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 11, "title": "22 Pharmacologic Treatment of Adults with Trauma- and Stressor ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/book/29490/chapter/265420788", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 12, "title": "Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/177/suppl_8/7/21146148/milmed-d-12-00111.pdf", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 13, "title": "Integrative Review of Trauma-Informed Music Interventions in ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jmt/article/62/2/thaf011/8222320", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com" }, { "number": 14, "title": "PTSD and complex PTSD, current treatments and... : British Medical ...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/00002417-202512000-00003", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 15, "title": "Assessment and Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/continuum/fulltext/2018/06000/assessment_and_management_of_posttraumatic_stress.14.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com" }, { "number": 16, "title": "The neuroscientific basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): From brain to treatment", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079612325000093", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 17, "title": "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-comorbidity", "authors": "sciencedirect.com", "host": "sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 18, "title": "Understanding comorbidity between ptsd and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306460395000247", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 19, "title": "Editorial overview: Advances in science and practice in traumatic stress - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352250X17300805", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com" }, { "number": 20, "title": "Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention ...", "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006869.pub3/pdf/full", "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com" }, { "number": 21, "title": "[PDF] Attributional negativity bias and acute stress disorder ... - CDC Stacks", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/169953/cdc_169953_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov" }, { "number": 22, "title": "Self‐report screening instruments for post‐traumatic stress disorder ...", "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010575", "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com" }, { "number": 23, "title": "[PDF] NOTICE: THIS MATERIAL MA Y BE PROTECTED BY ... - CDC Stacks", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/194201/cdc_194201_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov" }, { "number": 24, "title": "[PDF] Hippocampal Resting-State Functional Connectivity ... - CDC Stacks", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/119179/cdc_119179_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov" } ], "editorialNote": "Prepared from cited clinical literature using Astra's research workflow. Verify recommendations against current guidance and patient-specific factors.", "citations": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Efficacy of Treatment for Child and Adolescent Traumatic Stress", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/485780", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "The studies reviewed converge to suggest that structured treatment focusing on PTSD and trauma symptoms can ameliorate the effects of child and adolescent", "score": 0.52100873 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Psychological Interventions for Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2827463", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "This systematic review and network meta-analysis evaluates psychiatric interventions in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder.", "score": 0.27372164 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Psychotherapy for Military-Related PTSD: A Review of Randomized ...", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2422548", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "First-line psychotherapies most often recommended for PTSD consist mainly of “trauma-focused” psychotherapies that involve focusing on details", "score": 0.24092233 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Physician Posttraumatic Stress Disorder During COVID-19", "detail": "jamanetwork.com", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2821460", "authors": "jamanetwork.com", "host": "jamanetwork.com", "snippet": "This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among physicians", "score": 0.23270264 }, { "number": 5, "title": "A Critique of the 2025 American Psychological Association Clinical ...", "detail": "spj.science.org", "url": "https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/jemdr.0034", "authors": "spj.science.org", "host": "spj.science.org", "snippet": "A critique of the American Psychological Association Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) in Adults.", "score": 0.42133808 }, { "number": 6, "title": "The impact of trauma core dimensions on anxiety and depression", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72274-6", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Comparing the PTSQ with the PCL-5, a cutoff of ≥ 36 (PTSQ total score ≥ 36) indicated a higher risk of PTSD. With the PCL-5, the AUC was moderate-high and the sensitivity, specificity, and classification ability were satisfactory. The moderate-high correlation between PTSQ and PCL-5 (r = 0.685) sugg", "score": 0.529191 }, { "number": 7, "title": "AI and narrative embeddings detect PTSD following childbirth via birth stories | Scientific Reports", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54242-2", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "For each participant, we assessed PTSD symptoms associated with childbirth using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)34. \n \n \n .\"),51: Development and initial psychometric evaluation. J. Traum. Stress 28, 489–498 (2015).\"), a ", "score": 0.30834693 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Pharmacological memory modulation to augment trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-023-02495-2", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "Trauma-focused psychotherapy (tf-PT) is an efficacious and guideline-recommended, first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . The therapeutic approach focuses on memory modulation via emotional and cognitive processing of the trauma [2][3]. Patients recall and relive traumatic ex", "score": 0.5674818 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Pharmacological prevention and early treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Translational Psychiatry", "detail": "www.nature.com", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-019-0673-5", "authors": "www.nature.com", "host": "www.nature.com", "snippet": "While some psychological interventions to prevent the development of PTSD are ineffective5.\") and others, such as psychological debriefing after trauma may even be harmful6. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2002).\"), there is evidence of benefit of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy in treati", "score": 0.5573882 }, { "number": 10, "title": "PTSD and complex PTSD, current treatments and debates: a review ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/156/1/ldaf015/8266412", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "The findings of this review would suggest that trauma-memory processing interventions may have significant impact not only on PTSD symptoms, but", "score": 0.52042377 }, { "number": 11, "title": "22 Pharmacologic Treatment of Adults with Trauma- and Stressor ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/book/29490/chapter/265420788", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "This chapter reviews evidence-based pharmacological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorder in adults.", "score": 0.3303097 }, { "number": 12, "title": "Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/177/suppl_8/7/21146148/milmed-d-12-00111.pdf", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "ABSTRACT Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent problem among military personnel and veterans. Identification of effective screening tools,", "score": 0.30837816 }, { "number": 13, "title": "Integrative Review of Trauma-Informed Music Interventions in ...", "detail": "academic.oup.com", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jmt/article/62/2/thaf011/8222320", "authors": "academic.oup.com", "host": "academic.oup.com", "snippet": "A meta-analysis conducted by Alisic et al. (2014) revealed 15.9% of children and adolescents develop PTSD posttrauma exposure and found the type", "score": 0.29836407 }, { "number": 14, "title": "PTSD and complex PTSD, current treatments and... : British Medical ...", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/00002417-202512000-00003", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "In cases of confirmed PTSD, or clinically important symptoms of PTSD, NICE recommends eight to twelve 90-min sessions of individual Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT), within which Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET), and Prolonged Exposure therapy are", "score": 0.67885995 }, { "number": 15, "title": "Assessment and Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "detail": "journals.lww.com", "url": "https://journals.lww.com/continuum/fulltext/2018/06000/assessment_and_management_of_posttraumatic_stress.14.aspx", "authors": "journals.lww.com", "host": "journals.lww.com", "snippet": "Crossref\n\nGoogle Scholar\n\n64.\n\nAmerican Psychological Association Guideline Development Panel for the Treatment of PTSD in Adults. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. apa.org/ptsd-guideline/ptsd.pdf. Published February 24, 2017. Accessed A", "score": 0.42821008 }, { "number": 16, "title": "The neuroscientific basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): From brain to treatment", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079612325000093", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric condition that can manifest following exposure to a significant traumatic event (Ressler et al., 2022). Exposure to trauma, whether physical or psychological, frequently serves as an etiological factor in the development of various psych", "score": 0.6180666 }, { "number": 17, "title": "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "detail": "sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-comorbidity", "authors": "sciencedirect.com", "host": "sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Elsevier logo\n\n# Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity\n\nIn subject area: Neuroscience\n\nPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity refers to additional medical or psychological conditions that often coexist with PTSD, such as concussions, traumatic brain injury, painful conditions, obstructive sle", "score": 0.56661874 }, { "number": 18, "title": "Understanding comorbidity between ptsd and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306460395000247", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "Title: Understanding comorbidity between ptsd and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations - ScienceDirect\n# Understanding comorbidity between ptsd and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations☆. While there is high level of comorbidity of PTSD and substance use disorder", "score": 0.5009527 }, { "number": 19, "title": "Editorial overview: Advances in science and practice in traumatic stress - ScienceDirect", "detail": "www.sciencedirect.com", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352250X17300805", "authors": "www.sciencedirect.com", "host": "www.sciencedirect.com", "snippet": "### Clin Psychol Rev\n\n### Development and initial evaluation of Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy (TBT) for veterans with affective disorders\n\n### Psychiatry Res\n\n### Behavioral activation as an early intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among physically injured trauma surviv", "score": 0.35260347 }, { "number": 20, "title": "Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention ...", "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006869.pub3/pdf/full", "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "snippet": "Guidelines for the Treatment of Adults with Acute Stress. Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Brisbane (QLD):. ACPMH, 2007. Antonovsky", "score": 0.43079433 }, { "number": 21, "title": "[PDF] Attributional negativity bias and acute stress disorder ... - CDC Stacks", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/169953/cdc_169953_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov", "snippet": "4.36 Current depression 9.0 Negativity bias (Mini-BRISC) −0.06 1.17 Note: N = 189. ASD = acute stress disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; LEC-5 = Life Events Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; CAPS-5 = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5; Mini-BRISC = mini-Bri", "score": 0.53619206 }, { "number": 22, "title": "Self‐report screening instruments for post‐traumatic stress disorder ...", "detail": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010575", "authors": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "host": "www.cochranelibrary.com", "snippet": "The reference ('golden') standards that are considered appropriate for establishing a diagnosis of PTSD are semi‐structured clinical interviews", "score": 0.4974371 }, { "number": 23, "title": "[PDF] NOTICE: THIS MATERIAL MA Y BE PROTECTED BY ... - CDC Stacks", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/194201/cdc_194201_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov", "snippet": "only those who requested treatment after a traumatic event experienced on duty. Level of PTSD symptoms and diagnostic status were measured with a version of the Structured Interview for PTSD (Davidson, Smith, & Kudler, 1989). A diagnosis of current PTSD was an inclusion criterion. The Difede, Malta,", "score": 0.474023 }, { "number": 24, "title": "[PDF] Hippocampal Resting-State Functional Connectivity ... - CDC Stacks", "detail": "stacks.cdc.gov", "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/119179/cdc_119179_DS1.pdf", "authors": "stacks.cdc.gov", "host": "stacks.cdc.gov", "snippet": "3.2. PTSD Symptoms At baseline, PTSD severity measured by the PCL-5 ranged from 0–73 (M = 25.76, SD = 17.41). At six months, PTSD severity as measured by the CAPS-5 ranged from 0–63 (M = 11.98, SD = 11.53), indicating that six months after injury participants ranged from asymptomatic to severe PTSD ", "score": 0.37972388 } ], "publishedAt": "2026-09-15T22:31:37.303500+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15T22:31:37.303500+00:00", "readingMinutes": 7, "slug": "acute-and-chronic-trauma-disorders" }